THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


THE 


SYNOPSIS 


OF 


NEW  AND  REVISED  EDITION  : 

ACCOMPANIED  BY  EXTENDED  "  READING  EXERCISES,"  AND  BY  THE 
"  CORRESPONDENT'S     LIST  "  OF  Wouo-SiGNS,    CONTRAC- 
TIONS, PHRASE-SlGNS,  PREFIXES,  AND  AFFIXES. 

ADAPTED  TO  THE  USE  OF 
CLASSES  AND  PRIVATE  STUDENTS. 

BY 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM,  A.  M.,  M.  D.- 

FOR  MANY  YEARS  VERBATIM  REPORTER  OF  LEGISLATIVE.  LEGAL,  POLITICAL, 
TECHNICAL,  SCIENTIFIC,  AND  RELIGIOUS  MATTERS,  AND  CONDUCTOR  OF 
THE  NEW- YORK  STANDARD-PHONOGRAPHIC  ACADEMY  ;  AUTHOR  OF 
STANDARD  PHONOGRAPHY,  EMBRACING  MANY  NEW  AND  VALUABLE  IM- 
PROVEMENTS ON  THE  OLD  PHONOGRAPHY  ;  AUTHOR  OF  THE  STANDARD- 
PHONOGRAPHIC  SERIES  (OUTLINE,  SYNOPSIS,  LITTLE  TEACHER,  HAND- 
BOOK, FIRST  AND  SECOND  READERS  WITH  KEYS,  DICTIONARY,  REPORT- 
ER'S LIST,  ETC);  EDITOR  OF  MANY  VOLUMES  OF  PERIODICALS— FROM 
1853  TO  1891,  ET  SEQ  - •-(  THE  UNIVERSAL  PHONOGRAPHER,  THE  COSMO- 
TYPE.  THE  PHONOGRAPHIC  INTELLIGENCER,  THE  VISITOR,  THE  STU- 
DENT'S JOURNAL),  DEVOTED  PRINCIPALLY  TO  PHONETIC,  PHONOGRAPHIC, 
AND  REPORTING  MATTERS  ;  AND  AUTHOR  OF  BRIEF  LONGHAND,  SYNOP- 
SIS OF  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR,  ETC. 

NEW  YORK: 
ANDREW  J.  GHAHAM,  744  BROADWAY. 


ENTERED,  ACCORDING   TO  ACT   OF  CONGRESS,  IN  THE   TEAR   1860,  BY 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM, 

IN  THE  CLERK'S  OFFICE  OF  THE  DISTRICT  COURT   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
FOR  THE  SOUTHERN  DISTRICT  OF  NEW  YORK. 


NEW  EDITION  : 

WITH   EXTENDED  ' '  READING-   EXERCISES  ' '   AND  ' '  CORRESPONDENT*  S   LlST  ' ' 
OF  WORD  SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS,  AND  PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES. 


ENTERED,  ACCORDING  TO  ACT  OF  CONGRESS,  IN  THE  YEAR  1879,  BY 
ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM, 

IN    THE    OFFICE    OF  THE  LIBRARIAN     OF    CONGRESS,    AT   WASHINGTON,   D.   C. 


NEW  AND  REVISED  EDITION  : 
ENTERED,  ACCORDING  TO  ACT  OF  CONGRESS,  IN  THE  YEAR  1891,  BY 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM, 

IN   TUB   OFFICE    OF   THE    LIBRARIAN   OF    CONGRESS,    AT   WASHINGTON,    D.    <"!. 


PREFACE. 

Tliis  New  and  Revised  edition  of  this   Manual  or  Class-Book  con- 
sists of — 

1.  "TuE  SYNOPSIS"   -presenting  briefly,  and  progressively,  and  un- 
mistakably, nil   the  principles  of  the  Elementary,  or   Corresponding, 
Style  of  Standard  Phonography,  the  Best  and  General  system  of  Short- 
hand writing.     This  part  corresponds  nearly  to  the  coarse-print  portion 
of  the  Corresponding-Style  part  of  the  Author's  "  Hand-Book  of  Stand- 
ard Phonography,"  a  complete  text-book  of  the  entire  System. 

2.  "TiiE  CORRESPONDENT'S  LISI"     comprising  an  alphabetical  list  of 
Word-Signs,   Contractions,    Phrase-Signs,    Prefixes,  and  Affixes  of  the 

£2  Corresponding  Style. 

^      o.  "READING  EXEUCI-MS  "  -  illustrating  and  applying  the  principles 

>»  of  each  section  of  the  Synopsis  ;  concluded  with  several  pages  of  con- 

|3  nected  reading  matter,  with  an  interlinear  translation— which  is  a 

gj*  great  advantage  to  the  student. 

3     To  adapt  this  work  to  the  most  extended  use  as  a  class-book,  the 
pronouncing-style  print  of  the  text  of  preceding  editions  has  been  re- 
^  placed  by  the  common  orthography. 

?*"  To  insure  the  utmost  accuracy  and  clearness  of  illustration,  the  ex- 
It*  i  ercises  and  lists  in  this  work  have  been  produced  by  the  Author's  Ster- 
^  i  eography,  which  seems  better  adapted  than  any  other  process  for  the 

'  ;  production  of  phonographic  pages. 

It  is  the  wish  of  the  Author  that  this  volume  may  contribute  much 
to  the  diffusion  of  a  beautiful  and  liloily  useful  Art,  to  the  improve- 
|jj  j  merit  and  popularization  of  which  he  has  devoted  many  and  the  best 
P  i  years  of  his  life. 


METHODS  OF   STUDY. 

Thf-re  are  two  methods  of  study  which  may  bp  pursued  by  the  phonographic 
student  :  One,  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  more  general  features  of  the  Art,  as 
by  the  study  of  this  work  or  the  Little  Teacher  (which  is  iu  pocket  form,  and 
goes  over  the  same  ground  as  this  hut  tnotv  briefly);  and  the  other,  to  obtain  a 
most  thorough  knowledge  by  studying  full  and  logically-arranged  statements  of 
the  greater  and  minor  features  of  the  Art,  and  by  rendering  these  statements 
familiar  by  much  practice  of  ample  illustrative  reading  and  writing  exercises,  as 
by  the  use  of  the  Author's  •'  Haud-Book  of  Standard  Phonography," 

Those  desirous  of  becoming  excellent  phonographers  may  c.r.rnbine  both 
mpt'inrla.  «sMHyin~  ('"•>  TTirH-^-ii1;  t  >>/-.rrm-.'l:'y.  n«iny  the  Srnopsis  as  a  moan 


vi  PREFACE. 

of  review,  aud  carrying  the  Little  Teacher  as  a  pocket  companion,  to  serve  ;u 
odd  moments  as  a  convenient  reminder  of  the  contents  of  the  larger  books. 

(i'he  Correspondent's  List  of  the  Little  Teacher  is  the  same  as  in  this  work,  but 
the  text  is  but  eight  primer  pages  ;  and  the  exercises  are  briefer  than  those  here 
given,  yet  exemplifying  each  principle.) 

When  the  Haud-Book  has  been  familiarized  up  to  its  Reportiug-Style  chapter, 
the  student  should  read  anil  copy  the  First  Reader,  which  is  an  extended  ex- 
ercise in  the  Corresponding  Style— so  culled  because  suited  for  correspondence 
and  other  common  uses  of  tho  Art,  where  legibility  is  of  more  importance  Hum 
speed.  The  matter  of  the  Key  to  the  First  Reader  should  bo  written  in  Phonog- 
raphy, and  errors  corrected  by  comparison  with  the  engraved  pages. 

The  Second  Reader  is  intended  to  be  studied  in  connection  with  the  Report  in  ;,- 
Style  Chapter  of  the  Haud-Book. 

The  Dictionary  gives,  by  its  unmistakable  name-system,  the  best  modes  of 
writing  words  aud  phrases  for  the  Corresponding  and  Reporting  Styles,  and  i.s 
invaluable  to  writers  of  either  siyln. 


SUGGESTED  PROGRAMME  OF  LESSONS. 

A  Course  of  Eijht  Leason*.  —Lesson  1.,  §  1  11 ;  2.,  §  12-17  ;  3.,  §  18- 
45;  4.,  §  46  65;  5.,  §  66  to  p.  29;  lessons  6,  7,  8  on  the  Interlinear 
matter  and  on  the  Lists 

A  Course  of  Tudn  Ltssons.—l.,  §  1-11 ;  2.,  §  12-17;  3.,  §  18-25  ;  4., 
§  26-34;  5.,  §  35-45;  6.,  §  46-54;  7.,  §  55-65;  8.,  66  to  p.  29; 
lessons  9,  10,  11,  12,  on  portions  of  the  Interlinear  Reading  matter  and 
of  the  Lists,  the  student  being  required  to  read  the  shorthand,  cover- 
ing the  Key,  to  write  phonographically  any  of  the  words,  and  to  de- 
scribe and  make  the  sign  for  any  contracted  word,  prefix  or  aiiix. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 

As  pronunciation  will  need  to  be  indicated  occasionally  in  the  subse- 
quent pages,  the  following  Key  should  be  observed  by  the  student : 

a,  e,  etc.,  long  ;  a,  e,  etc.,  short ;  u  as  in.  full,  and  as  oin  to;  u  as  in 
iip ;  33  as  ai  in  air  ;  o  as  a  in  all ;  6  as  o  in  for,  lory ;  a  as  a  in  ah ;  a  as  a 
in  art ;  a  as  a  in  ask ;  ta  as  oo  in  too  ;  dh  for  the  spoken  th,  as  in  then  ; 
and  th  for  the  whispered  th,  as  in  thin  ;  zh  for  the  spoken  sound  corres- 
ponding to  the  whispered  sh.  (•).  Accent;  thus,  ak'sent.  (.)  Syllable- 
mark  ;  thus,  in.kw'r 

For  ordinary  purposes  I  do  not  distinguish  between  o  and  6  ;  a,  a,  and 
a  ;  e  and  e  ;  simply  because  the  different  situations  of  ther-e  sounds  are 
sufficient  distinction  f  >r  <n  •  noses.  In  the  Standard-Phono- 

graphic Dictionary  these  distinctions  are  always  carefully  indicated. 


CHAPTER  I. 

SIMPLE  CONSONANTS. 

§  1.  Simple  Consonant- Signs  and  Their  Names. 

NOTE. — The  Power,  or  Sound,  of  each  letter  can  readily  be  derived  from  its  Aame, 
as  iu  the  case  of  the  common  letters  which  are  properly  named. 

1.  LEFT-INCLINED  STROKES  AND  THEIR  NAMES. 

\    \  .    ^        ">,  "> 

I'uvj     lieu         Kf     Vee  Ar    V.'ay 

2.  PERPENDICULAR  STROKES. 

I    I      C.  X       )    ) 

Tee    Deo         Ith   Dhee  a     Es       Zee 

3.  RIGHT-INCLINED  STROKES. 

/   /     ,'  J      r    r       .<-     / 

Cliay  Jay       Ish    Ziiay      Lay      Tay  Kay  H»y 

4.  HORIZONTAL  STROKES. 

K;iy     Gay          IC'.u  Hu  Ing 

5.  BRIEF  SIGNS,  OR  BREVES. 

O  C  3  U  A 

Iss         vr<5h  Wuh         Teh     Tuh        Hay-dot,  or  H6h 


o  Same  sound  as  the  word  the,  ortkee  ;  that  ie,  dh  represents  the  spoken  sound 
of  th  in  the. 

1 


8  THE   SYNOPSIS. 

Manner  of  Writing  the  Consonants. 

§  2.  Left-Inclined  and  Perpendicular  letters  are  always  written  down- 
ward. 

§  3.  Horizontal  letters  are  written  from  loft  to  right. 
§  4.  Of  Rlijlt-Iii'-r.H'd  left-el's,  s-'iinc  an-  v/rittsn  downward  and  some 
upward. 

1.  /   Chivy,     /      Jay.      (•    Yay,      J  Zhay  are  always  written 

downward. 

2.  (a).   When  standing  alone,     ^     sh  is  always  written  downward. 
(b).   When  joined  with  other  utroJ.-.-ti-ji.-s,  it  may  be  written  upward  • 

or  downward,  as  may  be  most  convenient ;  thus  : 

J—    -A     N      U      J 

. 

sh-k         s!i-rt  d-sh  sli-1 

(c1.  When  written  down\/ard,  it  is  cr.llod  Ish  ;  when  written  up- 
ward, M. 

3.  ia}.  When   standing  alone,     C    /,    is    always    written    c;- 

(ii.  When  joined  witli.other  J/-oAt-signs,  it  may  be  written  up- 
ward or  downward,  according  to  convenience  ;  thus  : 


a    r     a^  ' 

Lay-Es        Lay-Em      El  -Km    Lay-Shay         S'.iay-Lay          Ei-Iu« 

(c).  When  written  upward,  it  is  called  Lny  ;  and  El  when  writ- 
ten downward. 

4.  (a).  The  sliv.ight  sign  for  r  is  invariahly  written  upward  -and 
when  standing  alone,  at  an  inclination  of  about  thirty 
degrees. 

(b).  It  is  thus  distinguished  frcm  Chay.  which  standing  alone  is 
written  at  an  inclination  of  ah.nit  sixty  degrees;  that  is, 
less  slanting  than  Hay  ;  thus  :  <  "n  -.v,  ,/  Ray. 

(ci.  When  Chay  and  Bay  arc  joined  to  other  rf  rote-signs,  they 
are  distinguished  by  their  direction  ;  Chay  being  always  writ- 
ten downward,  while  Kay  is  invariably  written  upward  : 
thus  : 


Kay-Chay     Kay-Ray   Lay-Chay  Lay-Ray  Tep-Cliay    Tee-Eay 
5.  Hay  is  invariably  written  upward. 


SIMPUi    COKSOXAXTS.  8 

Manner  of  Joining  the  Consonant-Strokes. 

§  5.  The  manner  of  joining  the  simple  consonant-strokes  is  shown  by 
the  following  examples : 


Names:  Pee-Kay  Tee-Chay  Ray-Kay  Eay-Chay     Gay-Gay      Tee-En     Bee-En 


Pee-Eu       Vee-Eu     Iili-En      Lay  Ar   Lay-Es  Laj-isii       Eu-ii;i 


I    i    V  \L 


- 


.. 

Ein-lug    Uee-l'ee  Xeu-JDen     Pi.-e-.tJt*!      Bee-Pee    Dee-Vee    Vee-Gay    Bee-Ing 

NOTE.  —  Carefully  read  and  copy  IT  V.  a.  b,  c,  d,  on  p.  6  of  the  Beading  Exercises. 
p;tr.  a  being  combinations  of  straight  lines,  par.  6  being  combinations  of  straight 
lines  and  curves,  and  par.  c  showing  combinations  of  curves.  Par.  d  helps  the 
reading  of  the  consonant  combinations  by  inserting  longhand  vowel-signs. 
The  shorthand  vowel-signs  have  not  yet  been  explained. 


Of  the  Brief  Cons;  nant-Siijns  and  the  Mode  of  Joining. 
§  6.  The  circle  is  joined  — 

1.   To  the  Straight  Linfs    by  a  motion  contrary  to  that  of  the  hands 
ot  a  clock  ;  thus  : 


spa  Rls  schs  sks  srs  bs 

Named  :  Spees        Stees    Iss-Chays  Iss-Kays    Iss-Ray-Iss       Haya 

2.   To  the  Hook  of  //"-by  making  the  hook  into  a  circle  ;.  thus  : 


S-ll 

Xainfd  :  Iss-Hay 
8.   To  Curves  -by  following  the  direction  of  the  curve ;  thus  > 

P  /-0  0-. 

<r^> 

si«  bis  srs  snis 

Named :    Iss-Efs         Slaj's  Sars  Sems 

4.  Between  Two  Strokes—  by  turning  the  circle  in  the  most  conven- 
ient manner ;  thus : 


30  THE   SYNOPSIS. 


^    V  ^^~    "V 

y  Tees-Chav  Tee5-R»i  Te,-*-I!a>    K:.:-K»y       Ern.«-V«« 


Eii^-Kn        En-Sera  bee 

§  7.  (a).  The  circle  may  be  enlarged  to  add  *  or  z  ;  thus  : 

_A     _0          '  P         P     , 

K-s  F-s       F-ss         s-  L" 

(6).  Made  into  a  small  loop  to  add  /  or  d;  thus  : 

f*  'C*     s   s      f    f 

L-8  I,-St  H-Z  li-ZU  8-X       Bt-T 

(e).  Made  into  a  large  loop  to  add  tr  ;  thus  : 


Ps        I'  sir  L  -s        L-.s(r 

(i/).  The  small  circle  may  l>e  added  to  a  loop  or  to  a  large  circle  ; 
thus  : 


Pet-s         Pstr-s 

§  8.  (a).  The  large  circle  is  called  Ses  or  Sez. 

(6).  The  small  loop  is  called  St>!-h,  or  its  sound  is  joined  to  the 
name  of  the  BIT-  kc   \\ith  \vhk  ii  the  l:;op  is  joined;  thus: 
\    Steh-Bee  ;     f      Steh-Tee  :   \j   P,ee-Steh,  or  IVest  ;  *^\ 
Steh  Ar,  or  Star. 

(e).  The  large  loop  is  called  Ster  always  without  the  accent 
when  joined  to  a  stroke  :  thus  : 

\^   Bce-stcr  ;  [j    Dee-ster. 

(d).  The  Ster  l.-op  is  joined  only  at  the  end  of  a  stroke. 
There  is  another  sign  (to  be  hereafter  explained)  for  utr  at 
the  beginning  of  words,  as  in  «/;•<?;?. 

\ 


f 

VOCALIZATION   AND    ASPIRATION.  11 

§  9.  (a).  The  brief  sign  for  w— that  is,  c  Weh  or  3  Wuh— is  called 

Brief  Way. 
(5).  The  brief  sign  for  y--that  is,  o  Ych  or  ~  Yuh— is  called 

Brief  Yay. 

§  10.  Brief  Way  is  joined  at  the  beginning  of  strokes— 
1.  As  a  Hook— to  Lay,  El,  Bay,  Ern,  or  En  ;  thus  : 

/*"*  /  / 

C      wl         <x      wr  <^~^   wm        c: —      wn       &    gwr 


Named:    VTel  WIT  Worn  Wen.  Iss-Wer 

2.   .U  an  Angle— to  all  other  letters ;  thus  : 

1  -1 

Weli-Toe     Weh-lV'!     V»*eli-Jay     Wnh-Kay     Web-Veo  En-Weli  Dea 

§  11.  Brief  Yay  is  always  joined  at  an  angle;  thus  : 

i     ~_     y    ^    /~  ^    ^ 

Yeh-l'ee      YuU-Kay     Yuh-Kay        YeU-Jiii        YuU-Lay    Yeli-Ar         Yuli-tiu 


CHAPTEIl  II. 

VOCALIZATION  AND  ASPIRA'nON. 

§  12.  Vocalization.— (H).  In  Phonography,  to  vontliie  means  to  write, 
according  to  rule,  the  vowels  of  a  word.  (/>).  In  Phonography  the  vow- 
els are  written  beside  the  consonants. 


SIMPLE  VOWELS. 

§  18.  By  using  a  dot  and  a  dash,  and  making  them  heuvy  and  light,  to 
correspond  to  iony  and  short  vowels,  and  by  writing  them  in  three  differ- 
ent places ,be,side  the  consonant-strokes,  twelve  different  signs  are  ob- 
tained, which,  for  ordinary  purposes,  are  sufficient  for  the  representation 
of  the  simple  vowels  ;  (//).  two  related  sounds,  in  some  instances,  being 
grouped  under  one  sign. 


Dot    Voice! a. 

§  14.  5  (asineei)  is  represented  by  a  heavy  dot  opposite  the  beginning  of 
the  consonant ;  T  (as  i  in  it),  by  a  light  dot  in  the  same  place  ;  —a  (as  ui 
in  ail)  or  ae  (as  ai  in  air),  by  a  heavy  dot  opposite  the  middle  ;  C  (as  e  in  ell) 
or  e  (as  e  in  her)  by  a  light  dot  in  the  same  place  ;  :i  (as  a  in  ah)  or  u  (as 


-  -      -          •          -       , 

2  THE    SYNOPSIS. 

a  in  art),  by  a  heavy  dot  opposite  the  end ;  a  (as  a  in  at)  or  a  (as  a  in  asA), 
by  a  light  dot  in  the  same  place. 


X>asA    Voicdx. 

§  15.  o=au  (as  «  in  0M)  or  6  (as  o  in  £/«.')  is  represented  by  a  heavy 
dash  opposite  the  beginning  of  the  consonant ;  6  (us  u  in  o/<)  by  a  light 
dash  in  the  same  place  ;  o  (as  u  in  old  or  o  (as  c-  iu  none),  by  a  heavy 
d.ish  opposite  the  middle;  u  (as  u  in  t/^!,  by  a  light  dash  in  the  same 
place  ;  -ui=66  (a*  oo  in  <v»  Zj,  by  a  heavy  dash  opposite  the  end  ;  u=f>o 
i  as  «  in  full  or  oo  in  co"/r),  by  a  light  dash  in  the  same  place. 

§  16.  This  plan  of  representing  the  vowels  is  illustrated  in  the  follow- 
ing Scheme,  in  which  the  vowels  are  placed  by  an  upright  stroke,  or 
letter  Tee,  to  show  their  respective  places  ;  namely,  opposite  the  begin- 
ning, middle,  or  end  of  a  consonant. 


LONG  : 


§  17.    Voirel- Scheme. 


eel 


SHOR-I: 


a,  te 
ail,  a:.r 


k,  e 
ell,  h«r 


a,  a 
ah,  art 


a,  u 
at,  ask 


o,  6 

all,  or 


6.  o 
old,  Done 


u=u 

up 


en  =06 

loci 


u=6o 

full 


FI11ST    GROUP — DOT-VOWELS. 

Long —     Xear  eight  palms 

.Short—    Which  taitl  lad 

Beginning          Middle  End 


SECOND    GROUP — DASH-VOWELS. 

Sa;y  so  blooming 


Hobl/s 
llegiuning 


hut 

Middle 


etood 

End 


In  those  lines,  palms  should  be  pronounced  us  if  written  pahmt. 


DIPHTHONGS. 

§  18.  A  Diphthong  is  a  co-alition,  or  union,  of  two  simple  vowel- 
sounds,  pronounced  in  one  syllable  ;  as  in  <.;'/  out.  />«?Y=p  ur. 

§  19.  The  diphthongs  may  be  divided,  with  reference  to  the  intimacy 
of  the  connection  of  their  elements,  into  Clo»e  and  Open  Diphthongs. 


REM.  1.  See  examples  of  the  u*eof  these  vowel-sigus  in  paragraphs  11,12,  and  13 
of  the  Reading  Exercises,  Part  II  of  this  work,  which  paragraphs  should  now  be 
read  and  copied  several  times. 

UEM.  2.  1'he  vowels  mav  be  memorized  by  aid  of  the  following  lines  : 


VOCALIZATION    AND    ASPIRATION.  13 

Close-  Diphthong  Siyns. 

§  20.  The  four  close  diphthongs  are  represented  by  small  angular 
marks,  whose  direction  and  place  are  indicated  by  the  following  illus- 
trations : 


I  oi  ou  Q 

isle  oil  out  due 

EXAMPLES  : 


eyed     die    uigh      toy        oil      annoy      dew     cue        mew 
Carefully  read  and  copy  paragraph  14,  a,  b,  c,  d,  in  the  Reading 
Exercises. 


Opm- Diphthong  Signs. 

§  21.  The  open  diphthongs  are  represented  by  angular  marks,  whose 
form,  place,  and  direction  are  shown  by  the  following  illustration  : 


a;  oi  (i  ai  oi  6e  Oi  tui=6oi 

EXAMPLES  : 


aye-ai         ayes    HaugUey    deity    doughy      snowy     Owen         Alloa     Louis 


Biiff  \\'uy  and  Yaij  Written  in  the  Vowel-  Places. 
§  22.  Brief  Way  or  Yay,  instead  of  being  jointd,  is  sometimes  written 
befide  a  consonant  stroke,  so  as  to  indicate  (or  suggest)  the  following 
vowel  ;  indicating  tbat  it  is  a  do  -vowel  if  Weh  or  Yek  is  used  -a  dask- 
vowel  if  H"«/*  or  I'uh  is  used;  -and  indicating  that  the  vowel  is  LONG  or 
SHORT,  according  as  the  sign  is  HEAVY  or  LIGHT  ;  thus  : 

c'          a         W1        U1         c!       :cl   '     ul         u]  '  '  I  ! 

I  I  i  i  I  cicioiul 

\\-.'        \vi        yO        yi       wa        we       ya        ye       \va       wa        ya       ya 


\v.)        w6        ya       y6        wo      wu       yo        yu      win      wu      ytn       yu 
LS.VJIPLKS  : 


s\vr>"t    switch      swayed      sweat    walk    watch        wooed      wood        year 
Y<tle         yell      yam     yawn      yon      yore    young      youth    unite. 


14  THE   SYNOPSIS. 

§  23.  Of  the  diphthongs,  wT,  woi,  wou  are  sometimes  most  conven- 
iently written  by  small  right  angles  ;  while  yi,  yoi,  yow  are  represented, 
by  brief  Yay  joined  with  the  diphthong  ;  thus  : 


wl  woi  wou  yi  yoi  ;  o  vr 

EXAMPLES  : 

V-  V  /•  /^ 

b  X  JL^s  L  '^> 

twice  buoy  yi-iiii  Uoneoye         miaou 


Order  of   UVi/t'/jy  and  Uetdiny   Voicds. 

§  24.  («).  When  a  vowel  is  placed  ABOVE  a  horizontal  consonant,  or  to 
the  left  of  any  other,  it  is  read  BEFORE  the  consonant ;  thus  : 


eke        egg     aim    axvu        neck 


aid     oath    oil        ire  liar        pull          lovt> 

(6).  When  a  vowel  is  placed  BELOW  ;i  Ito-iwntnl  consonant  or  tu 
the  right  of  any  other,  it  is  read  AFfEE  the  consonant  ;  thus  : 


key        gay    May    gnaw     makf        knife    king          quick 

!•   ^  C   )v    K    -S  -.  A  '  £_ 

da}'     thaw    lit-      si-n          tunic  r  ^  iu>'          nn;.:       l'Ai.4 


Vowels  Bctii-ten  Strol.es. 

§  25.   (a).     .d/Z  First-place  and  //on//  Second-place  vowels  are  written 
4/i!«- the  ^rat  stroke;  ALL  OTHER  vowels  are  written  BEFOHE  the 
stroke  (as  in  examples  in  the  preceding  section,  except  when  greater 
clearness  would  result  from  non-observance  of  the  rule  °i  ;  thus  : 


/ 

beam    dim      king        time  boil  dodge    tv.iy  <;«ick  page 

X         ^^  "(      ;    .  [   -_      I.          t  _U 

c 

both      maim  quake          quolli  df-ck  |OTI;.IIP  dv;ell    keg 


VOCALIZATION    AND   ASPIRATION.  15 


pack      book        tomb        cowl          lu'oi-     thwack     quack        slack 

•x-  ^~  >. 

-  S~~-*-        iublu.iu  oi'       -----  '    ^  calmly 


instead  of      '  •       arsenic 

('<).  When  two  vowels  occur  between  two  strokes,  one  vowel 
is  written  to  each,  if  that  can  be  conveniently  done ;  otherwise 
both  are  written  by  one,  placing  nearest  the  sign  the  nearest 
vowel ;  thus : 

v^   x.     ^  (  , 

poem       poet    vowel     fuel      dual          duel        lower  cower 

I     .  "~.\         ) 


A  •  \  A  ' 

tov.vr      fpwer      nower  showor  piano      royal 


Mult1  of  Writing  Separate    Vntcels. — Nominal  Consonant. 

§  26.  A  consonant-sign  which  is  not  to  be  pronounced,  but  which  is 
merely  to  show  the  place  of  a  vowel,  should  be  canceled  - 

(«).  Either  by  striking  an  oblique  line  through  it  at  any  conven- 
ient point ;  thus  : 

!  *  .1 

>  6  .!   a  \.  e.di 

(/-•).  Or  by  writing  the  vowel-sign,  if   a  dash,  through  it  at  a 
right  angle  ;  thus  : 

o— au       lo  To  -f  ft  1  ra=uo 

REM.  1.  As  the  consonant  when  canceled  has  no  value  as  the  sign  of  a  consonant 
— that  is,  has  the  form,  but  not  the  power  of  a  consonant — it  is  called  a  Nom- 
inal Consonant. 

REM.  2.  In  writing  ah  !  eh  !  ugh  !  tln>  Hay  strokfi  (without  cancellation)  serves 
to  show  the  vowel's  place  ;  thus  : 


ill  !  C'h  !  uyh  ! 


1'vsdiun  of   H  oids. 

§  27.    Words  composed  entirely  of  horizontal  consonants  should  be  written 
ABOVE  the  line,  when  the  only,  or  accented,  vowel  is  first-place ;  when 


THE   SYNOPSIS. 


otherwise,  they  should  be  written  ON  the  line.     Hence  key,  annoy,  quick, 
walk,  yawn,  wine,  are  written  ABOVE  the  line  ;  thus  : 


key         annoy  quick  walk  yawn  wine 

while  go,  oak,  woke,  sum,  neck,  quake,  cook  should  be  written  ON  the  line ; 


thus : 

i 


to  o;ik  sum  iieek  quake          cool: 

§  28.  Words  having  a  full-length  ftrolce  not  horizon'al,  should  have  the 
FIRST  such  stroke  resting  on  the  line  of  writing,  which  is  what  is  called  the 
second  position  ;  thus  : 


peak  peep     pity      keep        catch  rock          like         alike       lime 


rare  rely 

EEM.  Above  the  line  of  writing  is  called  the  FIKST  position  ;  on  the  line,  the  SEC- 
OND position  ;  through,  or  below  tbe  Hue,  the  THIRD  position.  Ke;i  is  written  in 
the  FIBST  position  ;  peak,  peep,  pity,  ke^p  catch  (in  the  examples  just  given)  are 
said  to  be  in  the  SECOND  position,  because  the  first  stroke  not  horizontal  rests  on 
llio  line.  The  third  position  when  required  by  the  student  will  be  nrore  fully 
denned  and  exemplified. 


Vocalization  of  Consonant- Strokes  with  Brief  Signs  Joined  at  the  Beginning 
or  the  End. 

§29.  (a).  In  reading  a  consonant-stroke  with  a  brief  sign  joined  at 
the  beginning,  read  the  brief  sign  first,  and  next,  the  con- 
sonant-stroke with  the  vowel  or  vowels  beside  it,  precisely 
as  though  no  brief  sign  were  prefixed  ;  thus  ; 

1  •'  -i  •!  -f    -i    -:  -i    •/  -r  -f  •; 

it     s-it    w-it    ate    8-ate    w-ait     st-ate  Y-ates    age   s-a^-e  st-age    w-ago 


ache     s-ake    st-ake    w-ake        oak        w-oke   y-oke         ale       s-ale       st-ale 

C  ri  &:  (/  P/ 

w-ail      Y-alo       s-orry        w-ore    sw-ore 


'" 

VOCALIZATION    AND    ASPIRATION.  17 

(!>).  A  brief  sign  joined  at  the  end  of  a  consonant-stroke  is  read 
last ;  thus  : 

x.  x-  v  v  s*  S    3  -9' 

l>.i        pa-ss  pa-sses  pa-st  pa-stor  pa-stors   ray       ra-ces 

/      %  A  Z    *  A     A 

raised      r  nv       ro-se  roses      rna-st    roasters 


localization  c.f  the  Large  Circle. 

i  §  30.  The  large  circle  (named  Ses)  is  used  to  represent  a  syllable  con- 
taining the  vowel  e  (as  in  m  t.)  It  may  be  vocalized  for  other  vowels 
by  writing  their  signs  within  the  circle  ;  thus  : 

•*       - 


/ 

choo-scs      lea-ses       ra  ccs   po-sses    sys-tcm    cx-ist       cx-baust       seao  cm 


dissuasive  Sussui        Siiiau     taiicei-   scissors   Sizer         Cicero 


Atpiratvm. 

§  31.  Aspiration,  in  Phonography,  is  the  expression  of  A. 

§  32.  There  are  five  modes  of  aspiration  : 

(a).  By  a  light  h-  dot  beside  the  vowel  ;  (ty.  By  a  small  h-  tick 
prefixed  to  the  consonant  ;  (<•).  By  a  small  h-  dot  beside  the 
brief  sign  for  w;  (J).  By  making  the  Way-  hook  heavy  ;  (e). 
By  the  Hay  stroke  ;  as  shown  in  the  following  illustrations  : 

a.  -\  -|  __i  ..r  ^  AX  -/\  *f~  A,  -^  ^ 

heap  hatt!    Lavk      h  \:l      bair       Lem      liop       hall       hum    hire    hush 


whey  awhile 

whim  wheat 

.c\         >c(             '*  -  -u| 

c.      \        V_      ____  _  is 

whip      whiff      whig  whack               white 

d.  ..<r=-r     "r  ^=  «x 

wheel                   whale  whir 


18  THE   SYNOPSIS. 

e.    S*  /-   /    A '    <T     ^  ^  /  ^  >"  #  X 

hoe    hay  haste   ahead-  haughty  holy    hasten  till  I  eh  I  uyh  1  Ohio  Soho 

HEM.  1.  The  Hay  stroke,  as  in  paragraph  e,  above,  is  convenient  in  such  words  as 
hay,  ah,  eh,  Ohio,  ahe,id,  haughty,  holy,  hasten,  -where  it  serves  as  a  sign  by  which 
to  write  a  vowel.  In  Soho,  the  s  is  prefixed  by  making  the  hook  into  a  circle. 
Iss-Hay  has  the  circle  on  the  right  side  of  the  stroke,  and  is  thus  distinguished 
from  Iss-Ray,  o/  ,  which  has  the  circle  on  the  left  of  the  stroke. 

REM.  2.  The  H-tick  is  rarely  used  in  aspiration  of  vowels  or  brief  Way  ;  but  is 
very  serviceable  in  the  reporting-style  as  a  word-sign  for  he. 

REM.  3.  The  paragraph  No.  30  in  the  Reading  Exercises  about  "A  white  hut,  half 
hid  by  a  huge  hedge,"  is  valuable  as  an  aid  in  memorizing  the  different  modes  of 
Aspiration. 

Punctuation  and  Accent. 
§  33.  In  Phonography  there  are  used  several  peculiar  signs  : 

Period  X 

Pleasantry      i 

Exclamation         >-  Hyphen        '  ? 

x 
Grief  Dash  • 

r~, 
Interrogation  x 

REM.  1.  The  favorite  period-sign  in  the  reporting  style  is  a  slanting  stroke  like 
Chay-Chay. 

§  34.  Accent  is  denoted  by  a  small  cross  near  the  vowel ;  thus: 


X-d  •£> 

jir-rows  arose- 


CHAPTER  in. 

GROUP-CONSONANT  SIGNS. 

§  35.  Phonography  obtains  over  most  systems  of  shorthand  a  decided  : 
and  very  important  advantage,  in  respect  of  brevity,  facility,  and 
legibility,  by  providing  signs  for  the  expression  of  certain  groups  of 
consonants,  such  as  'pi,  pr,  pf,  pin,  prf,'  etc.  There  are  five  modes  of 
modifying  the  primary,  to  form  group-con  sonant  signs :  1.  By  an 
initial  hook ;  2.  By  a  final  hook ;  3.  By  -widening ;  4.  By  lengthen- 
ing ;  5.  By  shortening  (or  halving). 

REM.  As  a  chart  or  programme  of  these  modifications  (which  are  now  to  be 
particularly  explained),  consider  the  following  cut : 


GiiOUP-CONSONANT    SIGNS.  19 


r 

1 

p 
I 

1            t 

L 

j                 (j 

U            * 

41 

tr 

tlr 

tii       n-str 

tf 

tn        t-shn 

t-tiv9     ts-eshon 

^ 

^ 

S_x 

X  s       .      . 

i»  —  _- 

1         i1 

n 

m 

mp 

ng 

n   r            n 
g 

ndr 

th 

tt       tit 

trt     eto. 

I.  INITIAL  HOOKS. 
1.   TV  El-Rjok. 

§  36.  (<<).  A  small  hook  on  the  circle-side  (see  §  6  )  and  at  the 
beginning  of  any  consonant-stroke  (except  /,  /•,  in,  n,  ng,  s,  z, 
tc,  //),  indicates  that  an  I  follows  the  stroke-consonant  ;  thus  : 

\  pi  [  tl  Ahl          =  _  kl 

fl  Cthl      ^y  shl          C  v\ 

(fi)   Shel  and  Zh'el  never  stand  alone,  have  their  hooks  at  the  bot- 

tom, and  are  always  written  upward. 
REM.  1.  The  reporter  uses  a  large  initial-hook  on  Em,  Eu,  Ray.  (or  I  ;  thus  : 

cr-s   ml          '-^_-  '  nl          (  /  rl 

The  El-hook  must   be  in  ide  large  in  tliese  cases,   to  distinguish  it  from  the 
Way-hook.     See  §  10. 

HEM.  2    To  remember  what   letters  do  not  take  the  El-hook,  it  may  be  observed 

!  that  l.r,  m,  n,  take  (as  previounly  arranged)  ail  initial  hook  to  prefix  w-  thatn^, 

s,  z,  w,  with  an   initial   hook  tor  /,  would  conflict  with  more  important  uses  of 

the  signs  (provided  further  on);  and  that  Ray  already  has  a  hook  at  the  begiu- 

!  ning. 

REM.  3.  The  El-hook  signs  aro  named  Pel,  Bel,  Tel,  Chel,  Kel,  Fel,  Thel,  Shpl, 
!  Zhel,  etc. 

RF.M.  4.  A  vowel  written  beside  an  El-hook  sign  should  be  read  before  or  after 
both  of  the  consonants  ol  the  group,  according  as  the  vowel  is  written  before  or 
:  aftfT  the  group  sign  ;  thus  : 


-  __ 

apple        plea       f;t;;lo         glow      awful  flaw 


2     The  Ar-IIool; 

§  37.  (a).  Signs  to  indicate  the  combination  of  ?•  with  a  preceding 
consonant  except  *.  z,  L,  r,  m,  n,  n-/,  ir,  ;/,  /.),  are  obtained 
by  turning  over  sidewise  the  corresponding  El-hook  signs, 
except  Shel,  Zhel,  which  are  turned  over  endwise,  thus  : 


20  THK 

pi  \      tl      f      chl     /*     Id   «. fl     ^_    tlil     C     shl  <*-' 

pr    X     tr      1       chr     /       kr  c fr     ^   thr      j     shr  ^ 

(.'/).  Sher  and  Zher  have  their  hook  at  the  top,  and  are  always 

written  downward. 

§  38.  R  may  be  added  to  Em  and  En  by  a  small  initial  hook,  pro- 
vided they  are  widened  ;  thus  : 


REM.  The  widening  of  Em  aud  Eu  when  they  take  the  Ar-hook  serves  to 
distinguish  mr  and  nr  from  Weni  and  Wen.    See  §  10. 

§  39.  In  some  cases  when  an  El-hook  or  Ar-hook  sign  is  joined  to  a 
preceding  letter,  the  hook  cannot  be  perfectly  formed,  as  in 


reply  expluro          dimmer        armor  tiger 

§  40.  The  El-hook  and  Ar-hook  signs  are  not  named  Pee-El,  Pee-Ar, 
etc.,  which  would  in'licate  two  letters  joined  ;  but  by  adding  for  the  El- 
'  hook  signs  the  syllable  el,  and  for  the  Ar-hook  signs  the  syllable  er,  to 
the  sound  of  the  primary  letter  modified  by  the  hook  ;  thus  : 

\  /    ^     ^     C      ^ 

Pel  Tel         Choi  Eel  F.-l         Thel         SI) el ;  etc. 

^  ^  9  «<  •-!•'•» 

I  '        c—  A         * 

fet  Ter         Cher       Kt-r  Fer       Ther        Slier ;  etc. 

§  41.  A  vowel  written  beside  an  El-hook  or  Ar-hook  sign  should  not 
be  read  between  the  two  consonants,  but  before  or  after  BOTH,  according 
as  it  is  written  before  or  after  such  sign  ;  thus  : 

\     \     ^     ^     *q      T 

apple        plea        off.r  fr--,-i         i;:i(   r      tree 

§  42.  When  vowels  are  to  be  read  letn-een  the  consonants  denoted  by 
an  El-hook  or  Ar-hook  sign,  they  are  written  thus  : 

1.  Dors   are  made   into   circles   (outline  dots),  written  (a)   before 

the  group-sign,  if  the  vowel   is  long  ;   thus  :   Ol —  dark  ; 
(6)  after  the  group-sign,  if  the  vowel  is  short ;  thus,       13-^ 
term  ;  (c)  or  either  side  of  the  group-signs  when  the  preceding 
distinctions  (-/  and  li)  cannot  be  conveniently  made  ;  thus, 
or/^.  engineer ;      ^v     paralyze. 

2.  DASHES  urc  written  through  the  group-sign,  thus  : 


GKOUP-COXSJNAXT   SIGNS.  21 

<v  f  tr^ 

coarse       burst        sciiool         fall          follow 

3.  ANGLES  or  SEMI-CIRCLES  are  written  through  the  group-sign ;  or,  if 
more  convenient,  for  the  first  place,  at  the  beginning  -  for 
the  third  place,  at  the  end,  of  the  group-sign  ;  thus  : 

/^          V_T|          J^— p         (^_  cv_ 

require       feature        quality          figures  procure 

§  43.  The  small  circle  (Iss)  may  be  prefixed  to  an  El-hook  sign  ; 
thus  : 

^  n,  e p  i- 

supply        civil        cycle  Buddie         disclose 

§  44.  («)  Making  an  Ar-hook  into  a  small  circle,  prefixes  s  ;— into  a 
large  circles,  prefixes  s-s  — 

1.  To  any  of  the  straight-line  Ar-hook  signs  when  preceded  by  no 
stroke ;  thus  : 

<x         S-      v=)         °~^\      '    CJ 
epray       sober    straw      cider      scrape         sister 

2.  To  any  of  the  straight-line  Ar-hook  signs  when  preceded  by  a 

stroke  in  the  same  direction  ;  thus  : 
c< 


prosper        destroy       execrable          t.Uaster 

3.  To  Ker  or,  Ger  preceded  by  a  straight  stroke  in  the  direction  of 
Pee,  Tee,  or  Chay  ;  thus  : 


subscribe        describe       disagree 
4.  To  Per  or  Ber  preceded  by  a  straight  stroke  in  the  direction  of 

Chay  or  Jay  ;  thus  :    /     Jasper. 

(!>).  IN  ALL  OTHER  CASES,  tho  circle  is  prefixed  by  writing  it  dis- 
tinctly within  the  hook  ;  thus  : 


express      extreme         massacre        hemisphere        sinner 
EEM.  Per,  Ber,  etc.,  with  a  circle  at  the  beginning,  may  be  named  Iss-Per  or 
Sper,  Iss-Ter  or  Ster  ;  with  a  large  circle,  Ses-Per,  Ses-Ter,  etc. 

§  45.  (a).  The  Ster-loop  is  never  prefixed  to  an  Ar-hook  sign  ;  (b)  and 
the  Steh-loop  is  prefixed,  only  to  the  straight-line  Ar-hook  signs,  when 
preceded  by  no  stroke,  by  making  the  hook  into  a  suiall  loop  ;  thus  : 


22  THE   SYNOPSIS. 


stupor    stouter       stager       stagger 


3.   The  Hook  for  In,  Un,  En. 

§  46.  N  initial,  for  such  syllables  as  in,  en,  un,  or  on  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  a  back  hook  — 

1.  At  the  beginning  of  a  straight-line  Iss-Per  sign  ;  thus  : 


inseparable     inscribe  unscrupulous      uuscioW  uustruug  insecure 
At  the  beginning  of  any  other  stroke  ;  to  avoid  turning  a  circle  on 
the  convex  side  of  En  ;  thus  : 


insoluble        unseemly          enslave        in  his  house 
KEM.  This  hook  may  be  called  the  In  hook,  or  simply  In. 


4.  Reporting  Ler  and  Rel  Hook. 

§  47.  The  reporter  occasionally  enlarges  the  small  El-hook,  or  Ar-hook, 
to  add  to  an  El-hook  sign  the  sound  of  r  —  to  an  Ar-hook  sign,  the 
sound  of  /  ;  thus  : 

\   bl     \     blr  (named  Bler\     *\   pr    ^\   prl  (named  Prel). 


abler       adiller          clear  ocular  floor  April          trial 

./     ^      0'     D-     c^     ^ 

Charles     Avcrill     thrall        shrill          uirl  url 


II.  FINAL  HOOKS. 
1.  Hooks  for  F,   V,  or  N. 

§  48.  On  the  Straight  Lints.— F,  r,  or  n  may  be  added  to  any  straight 
line  (with  or  without  an  initial  hock,  loop,  or  circle),  by  a  small  final 
hook  ;  written  for /or  v,  on  the  circle  side  (§  6)  and  for  n,  on  the  con- 
trary side ;  thus  : 

XX     U      //-^-^XX^ 

puff      pun    deaf    den        chafe    chain     cave     cane      rove    roan    heave 

<<*  N.  W\    C-  f  T    3- 

hewn    brave  brain  bluff  blown  stove  stoue  strive  strain 


GROUP-CONSONANT   SIGNS.  23 

EEM.  1.  The  Ef-hook  signs  are  named  Pef,  Bef,  Pelf,  Tef,  Tlef,  or  Telf,  Chref 
or  Cherf,  etc. 

EEM.  2.  The  En-hook  signs  are  named  Pen,  Ben,  Chlen  or  Chel-en,  Pren,  Bren, 
etc 

§  49.  N  added  to  Curves  —  N  may  be  added  to  any  curve-sign  by  a  small 
final  hook  on  the  concave,  or  circle,  side  (see  §  6)  ;  thus  : 


flowu         frown      luaia 

§  50.  A  vowel  after  a  stroke  with  an  Ef-  or  En-  hook  is  read  before  the 
hook.    See  examples  in  §§  48,  49. 

§  51.  S  or  z  may  be  added  to  an  Ef-hook  sign  by  a  small  circle,  writ- 
ten within  the  hook  ;  thus  : 

%  1~       «    - 

\>x        It        _'___ 

proves    troughs    scoffs 
§  52.  Making  the  En-hook  on  a  straight  line  — 

1.  Into  a  SMALL  CIRCLE,  adds  s  ;  thus  : 

\      J-     J-    </   -,   /c 

pens      tense      dens    chance    cans     runs 

2.  Into  a  LARGE  CIRCLE,  adds  s-s  ;  thus  : 

d-          o/  -o  ,/<> 

dances         chances  Kansas  rinses 

3.  Into  a  SMALL  LOOP,  adds  si  ;  thus  : 

\.  </:  -^  /> 

danced        chanced  canst  rinsed 

4.  Into  a  LARGE  LOOP,  adds  sir  ;  thus  : 


punster       punsters 

§  53.  S  or  z  may  be  added  to  an  En-hook  on  a  curve,  by  a  small  cir- 
cle written  distinctly  within  the  hook  ;  thus  : 


lines    means     France        ignorance 

§  54.  The  Ef-  and  En-  hooks,  when  more  convenient  than  a  stroke,  are 
occasionally  used  in  the  middle  of  a  word  ;  thus  : 


U 

deafen      divine        prefer       provoke       traffic  driver  punish  finish  furnish 


24  THE    SYNOPSIS. 


-         i          / 

gainsay       gainer    gainsaid       ransom       dancing    Johnson 


2.  Large  Hook  for  Shon  and  Tiv. 

§  55.  Shon  and  Tiv  added  to  Straight  Lines.  —  The  syllables  shon  (=-tion, 
-sion,  etc.)  and  liv  may  be  added  to  any  straight  line  (with  or  without 
an  initial  hook,  loop  or  circle)  by  a  LARGE  HOOK  ;  written  for  Shon  ui 
the  circle-side  ;  and  on  the  contrary  side  for  Tiv  ;  thus  : 


passion  passions  couibp.tivn  oporation       operative       nutrition     nutritive 


provocation       provocative 

§  56.  Shon  Added  to  Curves.  —  The  syllable  sfion  may  be  added  to  curve- 
consonants  by  a  large  final  hook  on  the  concave,  or  circle  side  ;  thus  : 


motion      mission     f:ishiou  i'asliions    allusion      vision 
§  57.  The  Shon  and  Tiv  hooks  are  sometimes  xised  in  the  middle  of  a 
word  ;  thus  : 


optional       auctioneer      occasional  rational  passionate  additional 


activity  clli-olivencss  attractiveness 


3.   The  Small  Hook  for  Shon. 
8  58.  The  syllable  shon  may  be  added  by  a  small  hook. 

1.  To  a  Circle  or  Loop;  thus  : 

I  v  y  -  _  >.  j 

.£  ^P  >  >  *.      '.    V^7»=         * 

U 
decision         position    possession    persuasion       condensation      ministration 

2.  To  an  Ef-Hook  :  thus  : 

r         s        i      c\ 

IP"  UJl  UJ<  \P' 

division  rr  'fusion 


GROUP-CONSONANT    SIGNS.  25 

EEM.  1.  fa)  This  hook  is  called  the  Esh-on-hook,  or  simply  Esh-on  (6).  It  is 
added  iu  a  few  instances  to  the  En-hook. 

HEM.  2.  Efshon  or  Veeshou  is  usually  employed  instead  of  the  Ef  hook  ivith 
Eslrou. 

§  59.  Eslron  may  be  vocalized— 

1.  When  joined  to  a  Circle  or  Loop—\>y  writing  a  first-place  vowel  be- 

fore the  hook  ;  a  secojid-pl&ce  or  third-place  vowel,  after  the 
hook.     See  examples  in  §  58,  1. 

2.  When  Joined  to  an  Ef-IIook-  by  writing  the  vowel,  of  whatever  ; 

place,  BESIDE  the  hook.     See  examples  in  §  58,  2. 

§  60.  Esh'on  may  be  followed  by  a  circle  or  by  a  stroke  ;  thus  : 


I 

physicians        possessions    devotional  transitional  conversational  sensational 


III.    WIDENING. 

§  61.  (a,:  Em  may  be  widened  ;  thus,    s- -^   ;  to  indicate  the  addition 
of  the  sound  of  ;>  or  /< ;  thus  : 


imp      pump       romp       imposition      impostor    impugn  impatience 


o      o-         o 

V\;S(>         ____  '^x  ___ 

imbue       emboss   somebody       ambitious        ambition 

(b).  This  sign  may  take  an  En-  or  Shon-  hook,  but  no  initial  hook. 
(c).  This  sign  is  named  Emp  or  Einb,  according  to  use  for  mp  or  mb. 

REM.  The  heavy  Em  with  an  initial  hook  is  used  for  mr,  to  distinguish  Mer 
from  Wem.  See  §  38. 

§  62.  A  vowel  written  beside  Emp  or  Emb  should  not  be  read  be- 
tween the  two  consonants,  but  before  or  after  both,  according  as  it  is 
written  above  or  below  ;  thus  : 


Imp        shampoo         umpire        imbne        emboss         embody 


26  THE   SYNOPSIS. 

IV.  LENGTHENING. 

§  63.  Doubling  the  length — 

1.   Of  /"•-'.  r<V~-  '-.>-.  or  _./;•;  t!i"s  : 


iii'^er  anchor        sinker          thinker        anger          hunger        longer 

2.    Of  niiy  ct'irr  Curv-,  adds  t.-.  d/;  t'ir,  or  dhr  ;  thus  : 


ladder         Luther  leather        fe'.ter         fodder 


meter      moder  n        mother        enter          niter          tender         neither 

REST.  For  phrase-writing,  Ing  may  be  lengthened  to  add  thr=  their,  they  are., 
there,  other. 

§  G4.  Sounds  added  %  lengthening  a  curve  should  be  read 
1.  After  the  vowel  following  the  strol;.-  ;  t'r.is  : 


wa  ter          embi  tier  mo  ther 

2.  Before  any  sounds  expressed  by  a  final  hook,  loop,  or  circle  ; 
thus  : 

>___:    ^          (  *  *^-^l 

moder  n      alter  ations    Luther  an  norther'n 

§  65.  In  determining  the  position  of  a  lengthened  curve,  regard  the 
second  half  iis  a  distinct  sign,  and  place  the  first  half  in  the  proper  \>  >i- 
tion,  according  t  j  the  rules  previously  given,  in  §§  27  and  28. 


V.  HALVING,  OR  SHORTENING. 

1.   JT'ilr.'nj  to  Add  E.thcr  T  or  D. 

§  66.  Either  t  or  d  may  be  added  to  certain  signs,  by  halving  thcra  : 
1.   To  Any  Unhooked  Gonronant-Strokai,  except  -  El  or  Lay,  Em,  En, 
Ar,  Ing,  Way,  Yn.y.  Ernp  "r  Err,}, ;  fir.:?  : 


pate  beat    apt    pat  dot  debt  doubt  caught  act  God  get  feet  fate  east  showed 
paid  bead  pad  Dcvld  got          feed  fade 


GROUP- CON  SON  ANT   SIGNS.  27 

2.    To  Any  Hooked  Consonant- Stroke  ;  thus  : 

f\  -x  r  ji  \   ^  <__  ^  ^  _<r.  £. 

pray        prate  dry    dried    play      plate     glow    "gloat       fly     flight    wield 
prnypd  piaycd  glowed 

^-  ZL  <*,' \>    '*$•'*    \     *$     _'L    3-    !^      ".. 

warred  wind  went  paved  paint  bent  blend  sprained  drift  drained  clift    cleaved 
WH:'-.I  pained  ben  1 

Xj  JLH    v_>7>        ~-    .    ^A          ^>  vo         <o> 

patient  cautioned  find        fount  fashioned  aucieut  sanctioned 

negatived  found 

o  REM.  These  exceptions  to  the  halting  principle  may  be  memorized  by  the 
forms 


1-     r-  ni-    n          j-    w-  nip-  ug 

The  first  four  (t,  r,  m,  n)  are  subject  to  special  treatment  in  halving, 
which  forbids  the  halving  of  the  second  four  (y,  w,  mp,  ng). 


2.  Halving  to  Add  T  to  a  Light,  or  D  to  a  Heavy.  Sign. 
§  67.  By  halving  the  curve-signs  for  I,  r,  m.  n,     (      ^—^s  >  t  or  ^ 
is  added  according  as  the  shortened  letter  is  made  light  or  heavy ;  thus  : 

<•        F       ^      ^       ^     ^       ^     -^ 
late     laid     art      hard      met  mode    net     need 

^ai.  Let    r    when  standing  alone,  is  invariably  written  upward, 

and  usually  when  joined  to  other  strokes. 
(6).  Eld    f~    is  always  written  downward. 

§  68.  The  shortened  letters  are  Pet,  Bed,  Plet,  Bled  or  Beld,  Art,  Ret, 
Met,  Med  or  Eind,  Ned  or  End,   Peeshout,  Deeshond,  Pent,  Peft,  etc. 


§  69.   lt& tiling  arid  localization  of  Shortened  Ltt'ers. 

1.  Read  a  shortened  letter  (with  the  vowel  or  vowels  beside  it,  if 
any  i  precisely  as  though  it  were  a  fall-length  feign. 

2.  Add  the  sound  denoted  by  halving. 

3.  Add  the  sound  of  the  final  circle  or  loop,  if  any. 

Thus,  J_  taw-t=taught ;  .^  ff-t=feet;  L  tauk-t^-talked ;  .H. 
drif-t-s=drifts ;  \-  plan-d^—planned ;  <l'  studen-t-s=:students ;  ~> 
ar-r-=art ;  .' .. .  tmd-st— midst ;  •?  st;it-d=stated. 


28  THE   SYNOPSIS. 

§  70.  When  a  vowel  occurs  after  a  consonant  which  may  be  added  by 
halving— 

(a).  The  vowel  must  bo  omitted,  as  in  _:  ant'c'pate=antic- 

ipate ;  e 

(6).  Written  before  a  following  consonant-stroke,  as  in  _._'"_ 

wisd-o-m  ; 

(c).  Or  the  consonant  must  be  expressed  by  a  stroke,  and  the 
vowel  written  after  it,  as  in'-"    T  unify,     i  (,  notice. 


Junction  and  Position  of  Shortened  Letters. 

§  71.  A  shortened  letter  must  not  be  joined  to  another  stroke  ;  except 
when  it  would  be  easy,  by  reference  to  their  junction,  length,  width, 
curvature,  or  some  other  particular,  to  distinguish  the  joined  signs  from 
any  other  letter  or  letters ;  as — 

listed     midnight     sentiment  named 

Hence  we  must  write  — 


fact  lilced  ticked         roared  collect 


§  72.  When  it  would  not  be  allowable  to  join  a  shortened  letter,  it  is 
occasionally  better  to  lap  it  than  to  write  its  equivalent  full  lengths  : 
thus  : 

i-    ij  .---'-  i;    i-    \     ? 

dale    dated     treat  treated    dread    dreaded       freight        freighted 

§  73.  When  the  first,  or  only,  inclined  or  perpendicular  stroke  of  a 
•word  J3  a  half  length  letter,  that  letter  should  be  written  — 

1.  Half  the  height  of  a  Tee  above  the  line,  that  is,  in  the  fast  position, 

when  the  accented  (or  only)  vowel  is  fu  st-pls.cc  ;  as  hi 

esteem          bottom      tried    avoid 

2.  On  the  line,  that  is,  in  the  second  position,  when  the  accented  (or 

only)  vowel  is  second-place  or  MzVd-place  ;  as  in 


fate      estimate    abundant 


GROUP-CONSONANT   SIGNS.  29 

§  74.  There  have  nowbeea  presented  the  General  Principles  of  Stand- 
ard or  American  Phonography.  Aside  from  the  most  advantageous  use 
of  Stenographic  materials  for  the  expression  of  sounds,  exhibited  in  these 
general  principles  -  speed  and  ease  of  writing  are  derived  chiefly  from 
the  use  of  certain  expedients  aud  principles  of  contraction  ;  which,  how- 
ever, it  is  not  the  province  of  The  Synopsis  to  present.  They  are  fully 
set  forth  in  the  author's  work,  entitled,  "  The  Hand-Book  of  Standard 
or  American  Phonography,"  in  the  chapter  on  Contractions  and  Expe- 
dients and  in  the  chapter  on  the  Reporting  Style.  A  general  idea  of  the 
nature  of  these  expedients  may  be  given  by  stating  - 

1.  That  certain  words  because  of  their  frequent  occurrence,  or  for 
other  sufficient  reasons,  are  expressed  by  word-signs,  that  is,  by  a  por- 
tion of  their  signs  ;  as  Ef  for  for ;  Fer  for./Vo/n  ;  Per  for  principle  ;  Iss-Beo 
for  su'y'ect ;  Jen  for  general.     See  Correspondent's  List  of  Word-Signs  and 
Contractions,  pages  1  -9. 

2.  That  certain  prefixes  and  affixes  which  it  would  be  tedious  or  dif- 
ficult to  write  in  full;  are  contracted,  Dec,  for  instance,  being  written  for 
dixom-;  En,  for  inson-;  Iss,  for  self-  or  -"elf;  Ef,  for  for  or  fore;  Ish,  for 
ship.    Alight  dot  at  the  commencement  of  a  word  signifies  inj;  a  heavy 
dot,  inys.     See  pages  10  and  11  of  the  following  List. 

3.  That  one  or  more  consonants,  in  other  cases,  may  be  omitted  when- 
ever the  full  expression  would  necessitate  a  tedious  or  difficult  outline, 
and  the  omission  would  not  endanger  legibility ;  as,  p  from  tempt,  k 
from  ank-sltus=anxious,  t  from  mostly,  1  from  uitelliyence,  c=k  from  de- 
struction. 

4.  That  unimportant  vowels  arc  often  omitted. 

5.  That  phrase-writing,  or  joining  two  or  more  words  of  a  phrase,  is 
often  resorted  to ;  as  in  writing  '  in-my,  in-this,  by-this,  for-which,  if- 
you-arc,  it-is,'  etc.    The  proper  writing  of  many  thousands  cf  phrases  is 
indicated  in  the  Standard-Phonographic  Dictionary. 

G.  Words  which  must,  and  may  readily,  be  supplied  to  complete  the 
sense  or  construction,  are  sometimes  omitted  ;  as  have  before  been  and  done; 
a  from  such  phrases  as  ' for  a  moment ' ,  'in  a  word '  ;  end  from  such 
phrases  as  '  by  and  by ' ,  '  over  and  over '  ;  of  from  such  phrases  as  '  word  of 
God',  'kingdom  of  Heaven'  ;  of  the,  connecting  words,  are  usually  omit- 
ted, and  implied  by  writing  the  adjacent  words  near  to  each  other. 

These  expedients,  when  properly  employed,  not  only  increase  the  speed 
and  ease  of  writing,  but  add  materially  to  its  legibility. 


CORRESPONDENT'S  LIST 

OF 

WORD-SIGNS 

AND 

CONTRACTIONS 

OF 
STANDARD  PHONOGRAPHY. 

BY  ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  In  the  year  1869,  by  ANDREW  J.  GBAHAM,  in  the  Clerk'i  Office 
of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  for  the  Southern  Dhtrlct  of  Now  York. 


NEW  AND  IMPROVED  EDITION. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1879,  by  ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM,  in  the  Office  of  the 
Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


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Misses 
Mrs. 
much 
much  more 
must 
must  b« 
must  have 
must  have  been 
must  not 

must  not  have 
been 
my 

my  dear  sir 
myself 

w. 

nature 
natural-ly 
near 
nearer 
nearest 

never 
nevertheless 
new 
neu-ir 

~\ 

.  T?... 

i 
I 

L 
U 
U 
U 

...»    """"XT- 

~h 

± 
t 

I 

--L— 

....L.... 

""b"~ 
r 

-V 

t 

^ 

<r-^> 

•—  b 

^*~~& 

/"""^\ 

:i 

/  —  ^_°  —  v 

^ 

^ 

..^Itx. 

JL 

•:k 

-> 

<r*S~ 

.:*> 

1 

I5r?._ 

6 

1 

*-a 

newtst 

c 

of  thes* 

t 

or  a-n 

.."rf™ 

New  Tork 

.   . 

Of  this 

\- 

or  th« 

..^... 

110 

no  better  than 
nobody 

-t-- 

of  those 
of  which 
of  you 

-D- 

other 
other  than 
otherwise 

v-J, 

no  one 

7' 

of  your 

_.?. 

ought 

v_«/ 

nowher* 

^ 

jftOB 

our 

v_, 

uon» 

..w... 

"ftencr 

_J 

our  own 

.^L 

DOT 

iftenttt 

^ 

oiirs-e^f 

^U 

not.     201,  R.  5; 
221.  it.  4. 
nothing 

• 

Oh  !     0  ! 
on 

-4- 

oursclrei 

out 

±1. 

notwithstanding 

.±1 

on  a-a 

t 

over 

-^  _ 

n>twithst'uJin=- 

*-* 

on  account 

""^v 

over  a-a 

^^s 

thu 
mw 

*  rs  " 

on  all 

*x" 

over  tho 

^ 

number-ed 

t   " 

on  his 

0\78 

O. 

1 

on  it 

-1 

0** 

.X... 

object 

/~N 

on  me  (uij  ) 

-) 

ncri 

\J_ 

objected 

^rTr. 

on  our 

. 

wing 

.\~N... 

objector 

< 

on  that 

own 

\> 

objection 

•r 

ou  the 

^-^ 

owned 

X- 

ubjectianablt 

.56:.! 

0:1  the  contrary 

.^y. 

oitnfr 

Nj 

.ljjC3tivo 

) 

on  their 

P. 

V 

of.     201,  R.  4. 

( 

on  them 

<\ 

pavticular-ly 

•1 

of  a-n 

/ 

on  which 

.±l_ 

particularity 

"]7~J3_ 

of  course 

A 

on  you 

V. 

pecuiiar-ily 

\> 

of  Mi 

O 

one 

V, 

Phonography 

:    r;± 

of  it 

<_" 

ant's,  once 

v^ 

phonographur 

...}.* 

of  other 

-iy  i 
(      C_x 

only 

v_ 

phonographic 

^x  

of  our 

*^7i<Vc-^ 

not  only 

J 

pleasure 

JL 

Of  that 

^ 

onward 

...J... 

pleasurable-ly 

.1.. 

of  the.    24fi 
of  their 

^f.. 

opinion 
opportunity 

N 

practicable,      ) 
practicability  ) 

( 

of  them 

\ 

or 

N 

principle  al 

7 

-.X... 

probable-ility 

V 

should  ba 

-C- 

than.    201,  R.  8. 

put 

...t... 

should  hare 

s 

thauk-ed 

™ 

V 

<*• 

«••—••_„ 

should  not 

( 

that 

_ 

quite 

•i 

should  tho 

^ 

that  are 

R. 

A 

should  you 

...9... 

that  is  (lias) 

--V 

rather 

) 

so 

..1 

that  were 

rather  than 

^ 

so  aa 

C 

that  you 

o 

iv  ad 

1      1 

foico 

the  70;  113 

"X'~N 

reader 

rf-j 

somebody 

.    , 

the  other 

^ 

riad 

^ 

some  one 

('( 

thee 

rufer-red-ence 

^ 

sometimes 

^ 

their.     211 

^V_ 

in  reference 

^/ 

somewhere 

( 

them 

.t^r. 

with  reference 

S~^S 

something 

G 

themselves 

-A 

refers-"       s 

e-\ 

somewhat 

/• 

then 

rcjrular-ity 

<N 

spi  rit 

y 

there.     211 

^ 

remark-ed 

-\ 

spirited 

...r.. 

there  are 

j 

rv   ^ 

<f~\ 

remarkable-y 

°V^ 

xpiritual-ly 

\~ 

there  will 

\ 

remcmber-ed 

^ 

Standard    Phon  - 
ogniphy 

)i 

there  was 

^ 

remembrance 

x_i 

^tandai<l    1'hon- 

there  would  ;  rt. 

/\ 

represent 

C_ 

ojirupher 
Standanl  -  I'hon- 

.ll' 

these 

/\l'/\ 

represcnt-ed 

\ 

ographic 
subject 

( 

they 

/\) 

representation 

\|  '  \ 

subjected 

(  rs  ( 

they  Iinre  ;   r», 

/s> 

representative 

o 

subjection 

) 

DliefS 

they  are.     211 

S. 

^, 

subjective 

C 

they  will 

) 

see 

J 

suro 

c- 

they  will  not 

^ 

several 

-v 

arc  vou  sure 

thing 

J 

shall 

y 

quite  sure 

( 

think 

J 

ui. 

•> 

c 

thinker 

\---- 

"/ 

\eiy  sure 

>-/ 

... 

sha'l  have 

X 

surprise 

c 

this 

.b>._ 

shall  have  been 

X 

surprised 

G 

this  is  (has) 

2 

shall  not 

Ns 

surprises 

-c- 

those 

J 

,-:hc 

T. 

thou-gh 

' 

should 

r 

tell 

c 

thought 

D 

through 

-.->*  

understand 

we  may 

* 

throughout 

_V  

understood 

we  may  not 

/^ 

X 

thus 

P 

until                              4 

we  will 

..(..__ 

thy 

' 

until  it                           ^ 

we  will  not 

r 

thlnt 

p 

until   its  (it  is         £~ 

well 

5! 

thyself 

b 

it  has) 
up                                  c 

wer» 

\ 

till 

\ 

upon                              </• 

were  not 

r 

till  it 

N 

3             S 

us,  use                  '           .  .- 

what.       what    Is 

' 

(has) 

...a  — 

till  its 

)- 

use=yrai                       t 

whatever 

t 

till  it  is  (has) 

) 

used                            ..    h... 

whatsoever 

to.     220 

...^... 

usual-ly 

when 

to  a 

v         <±v, 

whenever 

...>_ 

to  the 

...^  

valua                              V_ 

whensoever 

» 

to  havt 

< 

valuabU                      t/ 

whert 

^ 

tohii 

...  (^  ... 

valued                    :    «/V_ 

wherever 

V 

to  be 

•^ 

very                          ts/^_ 

wheresoever 

— 

together 

"^V-^ 

very  certain              ~"--N  

whether 

!m._ 

altogether 

""A. 

very  good 

which 

r 

told 

"%- 

very  great                    / 

whichever  (have) 

1 

toward 

'A- 

very  well                     / 

which  will 

^ 

towards 

W.                     / 

which  will  hrtve 

i 

transcript 

^' 

want               •        .  .     „  ... 

which  will  not 

q^ 

transgress 

«—  i 

wanted                        .... 

while 

f,    ^ 

transgressed 

> 

was                                / 

who-ra 

r*" 

transgressor    „ 

-?  

was  it                           (. 

who  is  (ha*) 

3—3 

transgression 

_L~ 

was  not                         /. 

whoever  (hav«) 

1  

truth 

^ 

way                            ..(-..... 

whol« 

„  .  . 

true 

c 

w«                                    « 

whose 

/I  

truthfully 

V 

we  do 

why 

1 

truthfulness 

V. 

we  have 

will 

s 

too.  tw.i 

) 

we  shall                     /  \ 

will  be 

</ 

_, 

U. 

we  ar«                        ^  V^ 

will  bav* 

^ 

under 

.^..... 

f» 

we  are  not 

will  not" 

rTl.  _   wish 

C 

without 

yon 

.  rt.  wUhed 

,/ 

word 

(rx 

you  are 

?._  with 

r 

world 

—  -  , 

you  can 

\  with  a-a 

—rr~~ 

worldly 

-  •V-1- 

you  bar* 

]             with  it 

» 

would 

~-^' 

you  may 

f  with  th« 

....^.... 

would  have 

~~ 

you  might 

«           :  with  thest 

wd  have  been 

you  ihonld 

C...     with  thii 

^> 

would  not 

'  ^ 

you  will 

/  with  those 

-    7_« 

wd  not  hv  been 

r 

your 

..    __  /            with  which 

r. 

c 

your  own 

L  .  .  with  your 

-_ 

y« 

c 

j-ouri  elf 

»_J»  within 

yet 

(T 

ygurMlTM 

]0 

PREFIX-SIGNS. 

Accompany               X^^ 

Magnanimous        ..CX^-^_ 

Circumstance*           of 

Magnetic                  L_ 

Cognate                       "^ 

Magnify                  „  .^  

Comply,  Commence  .\-  V^>.  

Miscompute 

Contain,  Connect       J°  ._*_ 

Misconduct            .I.L.... 

Contradict                 Tl 

Xoncompliance      \-  

Controvert                 W 

Nonconducting      J^H.  ... 

Countersign                i«L/ 

Recognize               /\~~  9 

Decompose                  "X> 

Recommend           />& 

Discomfort                  |O 

Reconcile                 /v£ 

Discontinue               \L^n 

Recumbent              *» 

Encompass                _._..-No' 

Selfish 

1       ^. 

SI 

Entertain                  ^^J*  =*•=»    <J* 

U  11  Cv  Hi  iJlLlv.  vl 

Foreseen 

Unconcerned 

TnpfiTiifn                                --  '~_- 

<*-    s 

\i  urccognizcd        v  

^_s  , 

IT                    '1    rl                **-sfi 

Incomplete                     ^  

tJ  1IX  vCUIlv-AltJU 

Inconstant                 ,--..'  

Unrocompensed 

Syllables  may  be  pre- 

Incumbent              —  *-  - 

fixed  to  these  signs  (ssc 
H.   IV,  p.  i  IT,  R.  2\  as 

Interfere 

fated.                                             •---•—  | 

Introduce 

Word-Signs  arc  some- 

times  used  r.s    prefixes: 

Irreconcilable          .?Vt^V. 

afternoon,  undergo.              ^  —  y^~^^T" 

11 
AFFIX-SIGNS. 


BLE-Y:  plausible-y,  sensible-y  \ 

BLEXESS,  FULNESS:  questionableness,       TTL-.I 

[truthfulness 
FOR-E:  therefor-e,  wherefore  ,.^> 

ING:  doing,  coming  .  ...L. 

INGA-N-D:  eating  a-u-d,  giving  a-n-d  1     .~™ 
ING  the:  taking  the,  losing  the 

INGLY:  knowingly,  amazingly  v_^s     ^^^ 

INGS:  tracings,  ravings  ^j>      /% 

LESSNESS:  carelessness  «= — o 

LTY,  RTY:  debilitv,  formality,  prosperity  «v     >'~x  ^ 

LY:  deeply,  safely,  homely,  manly  V^         s~^ 
MENTAL- ITY:  instrumental-ity 

OLOGY:  zoology,  physiology,  genealogy  )j~~..^y>... C^ 

SELF:  himself,  one's- self,  man's-self  ^~^...^^s>...^ 

SELVES:  ourselves,  our  own  selves  .r^  ...r^p... 

SHIP:  Lordship,  friendship  •--)—  y> 

SOMENESS:   irksomeness  ' — ° 

[soever 

SOEVER:    whatsoever,   whosoever,  how-  ^  ^--.AB 

Word  sijrns   m;iy  bo   used    as   affixes,    rus    in  rv     ~N 

thereto,  hereafter  <- ^ 


READING  EXERCISES. 


TO   ACCOMPANY 
THE  SYNOPSIS 

OF 
STANDARD  PHONOGRAPHY. 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM, 

AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHER 


INTRODUCTION. 

These  Reading  Exercises  furnish  practice  on  each  sec- 
tion of  the  "SYNOPSJS  OF  STANDARD  PHONOGRAPHY.  "  They 
should  be  used  thus: 

1.  Having  studied  the  section  or  sections   of  the  Syn- 
opsis referred  to  at  the  head  of  each  portion  of  the  Read- 
ing Exercises,  read  the  exercise  repeatedly,  until  it   can 
be  read  without  hesitation. 

2.  Then  copy  the  exercise  until  the  characters  can  be 
readily  and  neatly  \vritten. 

In  this  manner,  the  sections  being  progressively  studied, 
and,  by  practice  m  reading  and  writing,  rendered  thor- 
oughly familiar,  there  will  be  avoided  the  difficulties  of 
cursory  study  and  insufficient  practice.  After  completing 
the  Exercises  on  the  sections  of  the  Synopsis,  read  and 
copy  repeatedly  the  connected  reading  matter  of  subse- 
quent pages.  Learn  each  day  a/e?o  of  the  signs  in  the 
Lists,  until  the  entire  list  of  word-signs  and  prefixes  and 
affixes  are  perfectly  familiar. 

By  this  recommended  course  of  study  and  practice, 
with  this  little  work,  the  pupil  will  acquire  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  Elementary,  or  Corresponding,  Style  of 
Standard  Phonography — a  style  demonstrated  by  mathe- 
matical comparisons  to  be  superior,  in  point  of  brevity, 
and  in  every  other  respect,  to  reporting  styles  of  other  sys- 
tems. 


IV 


This  style  answers  for  all  the  purposes  of  shorthand 
— even  for  reporting  for  EXPERT  penmen,  by  simply  omitting 
to  a  great  extent  the  vowels.  But  those  who  wish  to  become 
reporters,  should  review  the  Corresponding  Style,  as  pre- 
sented in  the  Hand-Book  of  Standard  Phonography;  af- 
ter which,  the  Reporting  Style  as  taught  in  that  work 
should  be  thoroughly  studied,  as  there  directed. 

In  the  Hand-Book,  the  coarse  print  corresponds  nearly 
to  the  text  of  the  Synopsis,  while  Remarks  and  Notes 
(presenting  various  Details,  and  Cautious,  and  References; 
and  Questions  useful  for  becoming  a  thorough  phonogra- 
pher,  are  given  in  the  accompanying  fine  print. 


SYNOPSIS 


CHAPTER  I.-SIIWPL,E  CONSONANTS. 

ON§1. 
^f  1.     THE  PHONOGRAPHIC  ALPHABET  IN  ITS  SETTLED  ORDER. 


c 


T2.  \  \        L  C  ".  ^ 

II     (  (     )  ) 

/  /      j  j     r  r 


O  C        3  ^        /•%  . 

ON  §  2-4.— DIRECTION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

T  3.  "\\  \     L  ^     ->n     ||    (())// 


READING  EXERCISES. 


.     J 

.  r 


V 

C 


'     <     (  ^    ^    ^ 

ON    §5. 
MANNER  OF  JOINING  CONSONANT  STROKES. 


\ 


V. 


^_*' 

f 


x         V 


11 


READING  EXEKCISES. 


ON  §  6.—  JOINING  THE  CIRCLE. 


/ 


c 


J 


— 6  I 


-r.^ 

f 


ON  §  7,  8— MODIFYING  THE  CIRCLE. 

^    -<=>    _p     _^ 


—  D 


, 
" 


\ 


x-*-  ^  /a-<R-v-^ 


-  •"->•• 


' 


i^.  ^ 


READING  EXERCISES. 

*      UX  •>      *x>      disease*.      '          recesses,      ^     thetit,     —  <T  exercises, 

ON  -§  9,   11.—  BRIEF  W  AND  Y. 

1  10,  a.  C^> 


6.    N      ^      /    ^_    V 

1    /  V       y- 


CHAPTER  II  -VOCALIZATION    AND  ASPIRATION 

ON  §  12-17.— SIMPLE  VOWELS. 

Tf  11.  Dot  Vowels.      'i     T     '1     I'       .       \»    ^  ',    ^\ 

•/  /.  •/  /•  /•  ^  QU  L-  \  e.  c  (•  )• )' 

'I   ^   -I     i  '^  ^  r^-  ^  ^ 

.r  r  r  c  F  r  ^ 

/•        /'     ^        c-        S'     S    ahl    S       eh! 


READING  EXERCISES. 


V 


112  Dash  Vowels.     "I     I"   -|     h    L   J 

x  \  r  /-  ^  t  -c  cv  )'  )-  j  j 

"I  -)   I- 


1.  ')  -C-  - 


13. 


rs  - 


(•  .r 


(yon)     v_ 


ON  §  18-20.-  CLOSE  DIPHTHONGS. 


y  j 


*v        <^\i    liin      x 


x  r    r    "V,   r^ 

X  l^-~-  1^— -s  V N  l\/  X 

6.         P.'/"        \5.r=/-          j'jy 

-.  ,\  1,1  V  L-  -J    r  r- 


10  READING  EXERCISES. 

/\     A 

v       ,     ,,r         ^    ^  ^ — -*  s — X         ^ — 9      X       S  f&        /  *\ 


r     /A      *    \'   -\      -pa   - 

^^f       \        6       *  i       I    x 

}M  f          ^  ^_9          ~N  I  10 

J      x      V       \  Av       __    x       A       I-     «     I-  « 

ON  §  19,  21.— OPEN  DIPHTHONGS. 

V  v-"\  /  s~^- 

15.  ay     or     aye=ai          /  ayes,      A  Cairo.      (>  I 

»  J  J  v 

V-x'  <^\      Haughey,         ^i-^     v^    •^-^     \       «  r*    /*  P  *> 

ON  §  22,  23. — W  AND  Y  WITH  VOWELS  AND  DIPHTHONGS. 
*§  16  W  with  a  Vowel.  cc        cc       'a       % 

c\  ei  cr  CF  '/°  f  f  L,  ;  -  7  ^_  j  ,i  *-  n  - 

U  u  "  r. 

^[  17.  Y  with  a  Vowel.  uv         °y       "*       n» 

CTx         'V"      ^ — •  -^x  (       ^>\ 


READING  EXERCISES. 


11 


L|     L-\      lu    Li         \     X. 
1  18.  W  with  a  Diphihong.    ;  -  — 

«;  19.     Y  with  H  Diphthong,  ^i    '      J-  £,  ^ 

D  IMC  \  <-•' 

«    20.  >      -  •     I-  ts    "••' 


ON  §  24,  25. 


21. 


-I   -I   -I  -11  =1      /     '/ 

S     ^   ;  V    X.      ,<) 


122.  • 

ii 

\-  x  \  \ 


= 


U, 


L. 


V  " 


12 


V 


HEADING  EXERCISES. 


23.  —  Vowels  between  Strokes:  — 


a.  All  First-place  ami  Long  Second-  place  vowels  are  written  after  the 
first  stroke  ;  all  other  vowels  are  written  before  the  second  stroke  (asm 
examples  in    preceding    paragraph)  ;    except  when    greater    clearness 
would  result  from  non-observance  of  the  rule,  as         ^~^C~     inste^d 
of       •^~SC"  calmly  ;  /^"^        instead  of  /*~^        arsenic. 

b.  When  two  vowels  occur  between  two  strokes,  one  vowel  is  writ- 
ten to  each,  if  that  can  be  conveniently  done  ;  otherwise  both  are  written 
by  one,  placing  nearest  the  sign  the  nearest  vowel  ;  as,    \_^^   power. 

M 

ON  §  26. 


1.  T  !    1 


OX  §  27. 


I  25. 


OK  §  28. 


READING  EXERCISES.  13 


127.  \  *\  .r  .r  P- 
.   r  -c  y  ^  y  e 


ON  §  30. 

128.      6,      ^      2'  ^ 


ON  §  31,  32. 

129,    a.  "\"  -I    "I     _^      -r     ^«^ 

^    -^    'vl  =  1  x 

r  /•  -v  / 

6.   "^  =  ^    ^  =^     "V 


c       j. 
-1       fl       - 

=      == 


14  READING  EXERCISES. 


iso.  .  r-i.;\iA  .  ,/  -i/--  .-v  -r, 

p      .     •!_ 

•o;      f     -v—  v.      o       /<     /^   >v        •'  /    s 

\     V         1  £      **          >     ^~^  5    ^^     ^     ^v      x 

^;  .i.  X,  /*^  _i,n^,^,-r,  -S, 

»!  O 

.  (and)    /  (tt-Ao)    x_p      i    nor      » 

--  v^  —  •Svo>-~^-^-  —  — 

ON  §  33,  34 

I3i.   x  1  I  9  9   ?     ,__->'  ^f 

• 

CHAPTER  HI.  -GROUP  CONSONANT-SIGN*. 

ON  §  36.—  THE  EL-HOOK. 

1  32.  \  \   r  r  /  / 

^J    <^          <*        C~^  ml    C^x-   nl 


win     <i_^  wn      cX      wr 


mr     >?^x  n r     .    (See  §  10.  1.) 


BEADING   EXERCISES. 
ON    §  37,   38.— THE  AR-HOOK. 

j.  v\vs  n  r  i  //  n 

c   ^^s    c  ^    r  °i     ^  i    i^    f) 
\^.    *     \  /     V    /      tx    x      c_y 


f  34 


ml 


nl 


mi         ^_^    nr 


ON  §  39. 


35,  a.        \ 


k 


ON  §  41.  -VOCALIZATION  OF  INITIAL-HOOK  SIGNS. 


i  r  r  .1 


0  T 


16 


READLXO  EXKUCISKS. 


37,  a.        >o 


I  I  A 


b. 


I-   6 


o 


1    !L 


"7 


\> 


v\ 


^—  \   \ 

N"  —    S-  —  - 


, 


D 


vv       V\     /V 

^x  \       /c      > 


1. 


READING   EXERCISES. 

17 

•          /      ,•        ^—  ~n    x            i-          <r*$       >. 
M)      f  .       ^-0         -^        x~v      rx      f                  «. 

->       <Lx  x 

1  39,    a.                                '   V         ^L^ 

IV            -c/ 

U~N           / 

vp       xT           -x         P        ^x"                       S-J         —  \*      ^-^     *?  — 

1     \       7\    4"     \j     x    /"         \ 

H  x 

/ 

C    y                                                                                                         •            \  9 

t            c~l 

D   l\    o  Aa« 

.=et  cetera)       x 


. 


ON  §  43.—  SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION. 

40.  \.  JL  C  <i.  ^  ol_  K          V3- 


ON  §  44—  ISS  PREFIXED  TO  EL-HOOKS. 

41.  \  p  /  ,_  n  e  J;  x  x^  K  -P  f  ./ 


Ib 


BEADING  EXERCISES. 


ON  §  44,    45.  -INITIAL    MODIFICATIONS   OF  AR 
HOOKS. 


1  42,  a.       \ 

II  » 


N      'i     1       ?   / 

S  S    /  ? 

'  1   1    /  / 


&     • 

/   .™ 


.    j- 

A    a 


\^ 


d. 
*     V 

143.  ^  *>  j  e, 

1  44.      . 


ON  §  46.  — IN-HOOK. 

45  .o.         \     \      T     Y       f 


READING  EXERCISES. 


19 


r  r  r   i 


\d 
X 


ON  §  47.— LER  AND  REL  HOOKS. 

C          P       /)  r\        r\          A 

146.     \   t.  /  o_   \L  C  cy 

<\  i  ;  ._  e,  •)  5  e 


T.  T  7  ^  0' 


^  =  V'   ^c— • 

ON  §  48,  50.— EF-HOOK. 

s.  v  i        I  /       /         =  9          ?        n      1 

1 49.    XX     II    //     _^     x/»LL 
t  •  t    ^   %_? 

1  50.    X     X      L-    /      r""  /N  •,  ^  \>    [' 

'    n-      9''     f — =  v7          \.       'N.          <\.         P         |_    T      1        /*  / 

I     I  c_^     <x      j    \a     Xi7     v    tr    I    L     l~  •/  c 


HEADING  EXKKCISE.S. 


ON      49-50.—  EN-HOOK. 


\ 


c  c  }}  j  j  r~\^^>^,~^  c 


152,a. 

\.  \.  J- 


6.         Vo     V^     Xo      Xa    A^.     Ka        OA    J      c. 

x^3    /r"3    ~~^    ~^\  'cr~-\      '• ^  ^  ^      <r>^  r    )— 

d  L  o  u  0     xv^i ---  --    <?     >)         g     Vi      </    < 

tfJQ  I—     «  \A  \  \      *  > 

53.  —?     ~    '^        t^'       M      ^ 

—,.  rr  -  >^  DI  \.  L  „  ^  k  ^  v  c 

\      °  ^      *S    -dr  ^*'*    '       -V    o      R<         XL 

Xj>        ko       C      ^      D    X  ^-^    V       '      s-^       s—  -         JA      '-x 

/  • 

^     x        V  ^    X°      \      •         ^     x 


HEADING  EXERCISES. 

ON  §  51-53. 
CIRCLE  ADDED  TO  EF  AND  EN  HOOKS. 

\  r  /  <2>  e 

1  54,  a.    X    \s      /     _o     X     X 

&/  v  v  V  v  V\  V  \  j 


21 


</ 


.       Vs.      \9      £/     <?-^      f  « 

E-a  V  *" 


6. 


X  -!•  J-   J.  d.  /  </    / 


Va       Vs       C      ^    •«• 


ON  §  54—  EF  AND  EN  HOOKS  BETWEEN  STKOKES. 


56,  a. 


V-  V 


HEADING  EXERCISES. 


•  <  I  \ 

.      >    \ 


ON  §  55-57.— SHON-HOOK. 

57,  a.       \3   \>     b    L       L    i     ~~z 

G  C    D    D 


^ 


i          —  Sc     ^<  —  /j        /i° 

;       k  <U  *'         I     ~^        -I  _  3 


ON  §  55-57.—  THE  TTV-HOOK. 

58,  a.    ^>  \      J    J     c/    (/    Z^ 


READING  EXERCISES. 


23 


ON  §  58-fi().-KSHON  HOOK. 


7 


U-L 

loo. 
\  '  *> 


t  '  V. 


/ 
,   vr 


-^      .     \     x 

5  )    1- 


59,  a.    X    \    \    \ 


6.        >         /V        \?     -A        A      <^  .......  -    —  #.     —  e. 

Vg       Vg     •<        »/.      $       *      j/  *,  «». 


*  Added,  in  a  fow  instances,  to  the  En-hook. 


24  BEADING  EXERCISES. 


ON  §  61,  62.—  WIDENING  EM. 


J  61.  Emp.     

Vx — «x        >~¥      £-k        £— v 


62. 


ON  §  64  —LENGTHENING. 
63.  A'er  OB  Or  ADDED.         inker,  ^  _  s 


^hunger 
6.     Tr  ADDED.  ...  L_.U.  ......  C.  .....  ' 


READIJSU  EX.EKCISES. 


material, 


c.        >r  ADDED. 


-i 


''  I  /  —x 

ADDED.         /  f        =    f  X 

•  i 

J--V.C  (-'  -^ 


ADDED. 


<rTi  = 


ON   §  66-73.—  SHOKTENING. 


G4.    T  ADDED.     J5...\' 


S  --  V-.:i-  i- 


READING    EXERCISES. 


f  t-  r- 

...    lr    IF   t-   J'  J-    c/    of    —    =,,    «^-    ... 

v&  ^  c  >  •* , 

,-*     x*"       /"• 

If  65.  Z>  ADDED.         \f    .5  .__      \      'l..!!...!....^   _     _.    _ 

C«y  -IV      <1V  /I       -7  c_       c_         f—  t_ 

••\"  ^  -f    I-    v  1-  J....    i ........  „;  _. ^_      ^ 

<—      c-°      c—  ^—  °f         P°  «?>. 

©        v.       v.     ^,      t.      Ov«    ^"ii       i       \    •    c      G>      f>        a         L       ^       n       Q.      1.      '^ 
^         »       >      if      »        S    J'  •<)'   -a-    .i'      J1    J^     J.       d.  _ —  -      J*      J        J 

</• J        —i  c_j    "-a      «-o   —         -      !-f     v-^^5   — 

'°  f'  V  Ov     /^> 

fc    VA  •         t^   *x    *j    •v  i»  *     f)-        J  (•*(*'     C9'   ~~S   "^ 

^[  66.  TAXD  />  ADDED  )    ^    ^  <"  ^  -x^   f~   <  •   x-    >r    '/^ 
See  §  67. 

^->  O>          /-^        /-\        ^^          /^        


READING   EXERCISES. 


<j^.     O^;    [L.'t  t'.u-  Eld] 

G7.  (§  TOJ.     < 


o 


27 


«•  68    -.§71)     ^ 


/ 


69     (§72)    I-    I"  ,   "     '  ,    1-    1    , 


ON  §  74  —EXPEDIENTS. 

^f  70.  WORD-SIGNS  AND  CONTRACTIONS.  (For  a  com- 
plete Li.st  of  the  Word-Signs  and  Contractions  of  the  Cor- 
responding Style,  see  Part  II.  of  this  work.) 


*  \  /*> 

\   71.    PREFIXF.8.  I. 


op 
O. 


L  N 


Iv   IO  I 


I'Ul, 

-I 


28 


BEADING  EXEBCISES. 


72.  AFFIXES. 


V 


x 
\ 


^ 


Tl 


\ 


r  ,^  ^  .,  ^ 


r    <?• 
• 


- 


^-e 

t_o   ;      b  &  N  — 

•f  73.  CONSONANTS  OMITTED.      U 


READING  EXERCISES. 


29 


74-  VOWELS  OMITTED. 


75.    PHRASE-WRITING.      (See  Part  II.  of  this  work) 


N 
\ 


.   o 


S      J 


76.    WORDS  OMITTED. 


A,  [of  tie  ^v  X  < 

\ ,        ...-IS 


v~\ 


=  (/ 


XNTEBLUiBAB  READING    EXERCISES. 


INTERLINEAR  READING  EXERCISES. 

Word-signs,  Contractions,  and  Prefix-  and  Affix-  signs  of  the  Cor- 
responding Style,  are  used  in  the  following  exercises.  The  student  is 
thus  Afforded  an  opportunity  of  learning  them  gradually  and  easily. 
Part  III  of  the  Synopsis  contains  a  complete  list  of  them.  As  soon  as 
the  phonography  can  he  read  with  ease  without  reference  to  the  key, 
cover  the  phonography,  and  phonograph  the  words  of  the  translation, 
and  correct  hy  reference  to  the  shorthand.  Continue  this  practice  un- 
til the  entire  key  can  be  written  through  without  an  error.  Then,  to 
become  a  proficient  and  correct  writer  of  the  beautiful  Art,  it  will  be 
necessary  only  to  make  the  use  you  naturally  will  of  the  shorthand 
characters  in  all  your  private  writing,  referring  to  the  Standard-Phono- 
graphic Dictionary,  to  determine  the  proper  outlines,  whenever  you 
may  have  doubt. 


BENEFITS  OF  SHORTHAND. 


Ear.h  word  writ/en  Separately. 


Shorthand  is  capiuleof  imparting;  so  many  advantages  to  persons  in 


almost  evt  iy  situation  of  life,  and  is  <>f  sm:h  extensive  utility  to  society, 

°  £  .  ^.    x  .._<...  i  ^£j     .  _,• 

that  it  is  justly  a  matter  of  surprise  that  it  has  not  attracted  a  greater 


share  of  alU-mion,  and  liw.n  more  generally  practiced.     In  America,  at 

c,  C  >  ^  \      <  ......  .  ^ 

least,  this  art  may  be  considered  a  national  blessing,  and   thousands 


INTERLINEAR     READING     EXERCISES.  31 

who  look  with  tha  utmost  indifference  upon  it,  are  daily  reaping  the 

•X  '\>       x  °     0  '-C         V  ?S          -         s-^_0  * 

fruits   of  its   cultivation.     It   is  scarcely    necessary  to   mention    how 

•O?  '        O      x- — '        i  """"•?>          ^      X'  "'-  r 

V     'L, 

indispensable  it  is  in  taking  minutes  of  public  pruceciiings.     If  all  the 
feel  ings  of  a  patriot  glow  in  our  bosoms  on  a  perusal  ofthose  eloq't  speeches 


V)          -rfr--V-     -X 

which  are  delivered  in  the  senate,  or  in  those  public  assemblies  where 


the    people   are    frequently   convened   to   exersise   the    birthright   of 
Americans— we  owe  it  to  shorthand.     If  we  have  an  opportunity,  in 


interesting  judicial  cases,  of  examining  the  evidence,  and  learning  the 
proceedings  with  as  much  certainty,  and  nearly  as  much  minuteness 

.  ::,..:..  h.N    X,  LO  _    JL   ,     I 

as  if  we  had  been  present  on  the  occasion  —we   owe   it   to   shorthand. 


In   short,    all    those  brilliant  and    spirit-stirring   effusions  which  the 

°J          N   •    r        \  r    '••'/.          /    •    N 

d-          i — i  >>         N       I        C/V  ,     .        /   \> 

circumstances  of  the  times  combine  to  draw  forth,  and  which  the  press 


32  INTERLINEAR  BEADING    EXERCISES. 


k     ,  ...>...:..  V!.  ......  >  ..... 

transmits  to  us  with  such  astonishing  celerity,  warm  from  the  lips  and 

S"       c     •     >~  N  •    <C_  \    ^-/      r= 

k^^  N  —    ,        -j      \  i  fx      \        -c 

instinct  with  the  soul  of  the  speaker,  would  be  entirely  lost  to  posterity, 


and  comparatively  little  known  to  ourselves,  but  for  the  facilities  afforded 

L  ')    vv>  \.    „£._  ,    c       -NS    z  .......  fr.,r\ 

fi  >r  tlieir  preservation  by  shoi  thand.  Were  the  operations  of  those  who  are 

V^—  -  f  \         (P 

^~T7  ________   _^/         C    7\     N  \        >  •    V_    . 

professionally  engaged  in  exercising  this  art  to  be  suspended  but  for  a 
single  week,  a  blank  would  be  left  in  the  political  and  judicial  history 

--^-^-  .;->••.  \  -•    ^  •  v--.  .' 

of  our  country,  an  impulse  would  be  wanting  to  the  public  mind,  and 

•    ^>    ,    \  ,...':_  x  V   .....  77.... 

the   nation  would  be  taught  to  feel  and  acknowledge  the  important 

\/\)     I    s^-^L/      «-    VP         (TV  x  .  V^_ 

purposes    it    answers    in    the    great    business   of    life.      A   practical 

c  /•        _         o       -S~        I. 

"\ 

acquaintance  with  this  art  is  highly  favorable  to  the  improvement  of 
^          M:  s        L      L  1~  \*A    N      L 

Vur^-  •  D  NT       •  .     j  -  I  V/  V  b 

b 

the   mind,   invigorating   all    its    faculties,  and   drawing    forth    all    its 


resources,      The  close     attention    requisite   in    following     the   voice 


INTERLINEAB     READING     EXERCISES.  33 


of  the  public  speaker,  induces  habits  of   patience,  perseverance,  and 
"^  /         f        ~J^~        ~-'T  (~>         v~~"'       ^       \  V^t 

O  -J 

watchfulness,  which  will  gradually  extend  themselves  in  other  pursuits 

S- — .p  ,      .  ..  i —  C_^          «i          "^i     s    ~^~°  

and  avocations,  and  at  length  inure   the  writer   to   exercise   them    on 

•^     i_          C^  x  ^L    -^  ^±L  x^^- ,  i  r  n  \ 

every   occasion     in    lif-.-.       When    writing    in    puMic,    it   will    also    Lo    I 

^K  -*-£>/     \        \3~^r—)       .       .L         x  3*        N  L.. 

absolutely  necessaiy  to  distinguish  and  adhere  to  the  train  of  thought   j 

/       /C°        0         '         I'  •'\^        '  ^       L 

which  runs  through  the  discourse,  and    to   observe    the   modes  of  its 

._iD    x     c    f~ ^....\_  .     >I^Y  \   ^~i<      ...r^... 

connection.     This  will  naturally  have  a  tendency  to   endue   the   mind 
with  quickness  of  apprehension,  and  will  impart  an    habitual  readiness 

and  distinctness  of  preception,  as  well    as   a   methodical    simplicity   of 

/'~t-z    }  /  £ —        \        [<         e-t         \          r!"  *y£       x 

arrangement,  which  cannot  fail  to  conduce  greatly  to  mental  superiority. 

\     ^        .     '    If    /«•  -,    .._:. 

The  jinlgment  will    be   strengthened    and    the  taste  refined  ;  nnd   the 
practitioner  w  11,  by  degrees,  become  habituated  to  seize  the   original 


34  INTERLINEAR  READING   EXERCISES. 


and  leading  parts  of  a  discourse  or  harangue,  and  to  reject  whatever  is 

—  c.  r        •     ^-^f  •  /  °    r\ 

Xo         ,  v       '  !       *  '^^T^.  I    '     x*^s 

commonplace,  trivial,  or  uninteresting.     The  memory  is  also  improvi-d 

\     •      \          s     f^r—\  '    ^  sA       ° 

..?_.—       x  —  ;.  S    *  v-3  <$\  ^     \ 

by  the  practice  of  stenography.     The  obligation  the  writer  is  under  to 


retain  ia  his  mind  the  last  sentence  of  the  speaker,  at   the  same  time 

(        /   o  ^  v        V~ 

..^._  ^  c  -  ^  .if-  x  *>  ---  <^_s       ,        ^-^     \     .......  _ 

hat  he  is   carefully  attending  to  the  following   one,  must   he   highly 


hencficial     to    that   faculty,    which    more   than    any  other,   perhaps, 
-)     I       ^  v       -*/„  )   ,._/^  JJW 

/  Ad 

owes  its  improvement  to  exercise.     And   so  much  aie  the   powers   of 


retention  strengthened  and  expanded  by  this  exertion,  that  a  practical 


~n        «~\        <      ...'y  .../!_-.. 

stenographer  will  frequently  recollect   more   without  writing   than   a 

N^  vix-^^     .;...;...  ->    _   T~\  ^  '  Ck  .N>....:....>. 

person  unacquainted  with  the  Art  could  copy  in  the  time   by  the  use 

:...   G^x  I   o  V...£....r.V-.   "   C    £P     I"  .....  |-.~ 

of  longhand.    It  has  been  justly  observed:  "  This  science  draws  out  all 


the  powers  of  the  mind  ;  it  excites   invention,  improves  the  ingenuity, 
•=o       .  /  ^-M          .  v  e 

matures   the  judgment,    and   endows    the    retentive     faculties   with 


IOTERLINEAR    HEADING    EXERCISES.  35 


V    •    • 
</ 

precision,  vigilance,  nnd  perseverance."     The  facilities  it  affords  to  the 

-J—  ^€  \  /—N  /  /"^-'         I  ^\  \       .        v-^ 

(        0       ------  \       /  \  V_i    ----- 

acquisition  of  learning  ought  to  render  it   an  indispensable   branch  in 

\          ^      Y  s.  1      \      v        I  9' 

>     x         N    \      —  S.       \  .....  V—  \      V_     V_^  ^   -[ 

-J'  <!/ 

the  education  of  youth.     To  be  enabled  to  treasure  up  for  future  study 


the  substance,  or  when  desir  >  *  Me  the  very  words,  of  lectures,  sermons, 

•j   ,  -°-  .  •}•     ..:.._  )    ^    /    ...L  I 

etcetera,  is  an  accomplishment  attended  with  so  many  ad  vantages  that  it 

stands  in  no  need  of    recommendation.    Nor  is  it  a  matter  of  small 

'"~N         (    \        f        -.  f         °          ^X  «  ,-.1 

-----    ----------  v>       7\  ,v         <j-    --------     ^)        ........     /  I 

importance  that  by  this  Art  the  youthful  student  is  furnished  with  a  ready 

.^..^,.    .  .~,.\.,>._._^  -^u  "  :.'.:  ^r^>  ---  ^, 

means  of  muking  a  number  of  valuable  extracts  in  the  moments  of  leisure, 

v  f    (•'    \        "—  x     ^~/        V^    °     ^        i    ^ 

•      ____  f  ___     I  «      -----------       /  ^^  —       ------       ^  —  i     r-j       -  '          X.    ----  --- 

<[/ 
and  df  thus  laying  tip  .1  stock  of  knowledge  for  his  future  occasions.  The 

v>^  .1  c  -TN  /—  s-  .:^..  x     ^  ..i..    <>P-  .^r...:.. 

pursuit  of  this  Art  materially  contributes  to  improve  the  student  in  the 

X          _^v    .    \;     ;     ..£.   \  ..;...  ^  -V-, 

principles  of  grammar  and  composition.    While  tracing  the  various  forms 


of  expression  by  which  the  sanSc  idea  can  be  conveyed,  he  is  insensibly 


initiated  in  the  science  of  universal   language,  and   particularly  in  the 


36  IMTKKLIA'EAB  ItEAlUKU   EXERCISES. 

^~7       ^      °  v~rt      LL/  / 

knowledge  of  his  native  tongue.     The  facility  with  which  it  enables  a 

person  to  commit  his  own  thoughts  to   the   safety  of  manuscript  also 

/****— ^    I          ""V      \  ~  (      ^        2 — '          \       (    -^~s> 

renders  it  an  object  peculiarly  worthy  of  regard.     By  this  means  many 

t.     /      Ir-   t_...}..,  .   /  -v   C  N>  ._!..-,/"     ( 

ideas  which  daily  strike  us,  and  which  are  lost  before  we  can  record  them 

Ti'~) 
in  the  usual  way,  may  be   snatched   from   destruction,  and   preserved 

p  <,  p.  «  <x  /  • J         f  ( 

I       o^ K. =      4\      •      "V-        (       x -U       \    „*.. 

till  mature  deliberation  can  ripen  and  perfect  them.    In  addition  to  these 

e—  /         ,        <Lj>  •        ^  ^          H       N  — - v> ^~^~X 

great  advantages,  Science   and  Religion  are  indebted  to  this  inestimable 


rw-Hj-m    •  ^  ,./ 

Art  for  the  preservation  of  many  valuable  lectures  nnd  sermons,  which 

~^-i  i 

would  otherwise  have  been  irrecoverably  lost.     With  so  many  vouchers 

b 
for  the  truth  of  the  remark,  we  can  have  no  hesitation  in  stating  it  as  our   ! 


opinion,  that  tince  the  invention  of  printing  no  cause   has  contributed 


more  to  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  and  the  progress  of  refinement,  we 

~    n   i      *   TI    x   ^\      •    H    s  ^FJ" 

—   i  j  -i  ,  \      i-1-,       i.  >.  t>      ^^      , 

Vo 

might  also  add,  to  the  triumphs  of  liberty  and  the  interests  of  religion, 


INTEliLKNEAR     READING     EXERCISES.  37 

-C------      /\..  C         C=—  n     *«•/ 

than  the  revival  and  improvement  uf  lliis   long-neglected  Art.     Such 


are  the  blessings  which  shorthand,  like  a  generous  benefactor,  bestows 


indiscriminately  on  the  world   at   large.     But  it  has   additional  and 


peculiar  favors  in  store  for  those  who  acquire  a  knowledge  of  it.     The 


advantages  resulting  from  the  exercise  of  this  Art  are   not,  as  is  the 

__  o     <      ^^     ^\         ^.      ^  *\  ,        N        V     .      ^_ 

case  with  many  others,  confined   to  a  particular  class  of   society  ;  for 

--(-    '  ^       --(,-   • 

though  it   may  seem   more   immediately  calculated   for   those  whoso 

V,  i  °v/~     c~---V-^>  •----> 

/v  v^? 

business  it  is  to  record  the  eloquence  of  public  men,  and  the  proceedings 


.     -,  .  . 

>  NO  d> 

of  popular  assemblies,  yet   it  offers  its  assistance  to  persons  of  every 

7s—  '  —          P.    v—  '     /~v  •  v   \-  /""       '  v 

/  u  i  v  V-   —    N          s~~*          ^—r?     °     "       °         ^"^     ---- 

rank  and  station  in  life—  to  the  man  of  business  as  well  as  the  man  of 

LP_     V-    '       V\    .^  .....  .\..  t^P  o        C     o     ^         / 

Bcience--for  the  purpose  of  private  convenience  as  well  as  of  general 

_  ^  -, 

V-T}    -x       -    «./  A       '         t     x 

information  .  —  Altered  from  Gaulress. 


38  rNTEKLINEAR  READING    EXERCISES. 

DILIGENCE. 


With  utc  of  Phrase-  Writing. 
It-is  wonderful  how  much  its-done    in-a-sliurt-spuce,  provided  we   set 


-     .....  V 

nbout-it  properly,  and-give  our-minds  wholly  to-it.     Lei  any-one  devote 

s~*      N   _™.  7.     '      LP    —  :s=—  J         ^^j>r    ,     -S      C      -C 

i  "' 

himself  to   any  art  or   science   ever   BO   strenuously,  and-he  will  still 


have    leisure    to-muke   coiisideruble   progress   iu-half    a-dozen    other 

//-»  /--^~    I    C  )  -^ 

—  t/          *  fs  l«  v—  _/•       f  -*^S-     ?      ..........      » 

'  <j 

acquirements.       Leonardo  da  Vlnd  was  a-mathematician,  a-musici;in, 


i  -  -    •  •  y 

a-poet,  and-an  anatomist,  besides  being  one   of  the   greatest  painters 


of-his  age.     Michael  Angelo  was    a-prodi^y  of  versatility  of  talent  — 

-S\   1_<L,     /        P^         ..L...    cX       ^-    , 

a-writer  of  sonnets  which  Wordsworth    thought  worthy  of-translating, 


and-the  friend  of  Dnnte.     Salvator  was  a-luteiiist  and-a  satirist.       Sir 


_  -  c------ 

Joshua    Reynolds'  discourses  are  nvre  classical  and-polisliod  thai;  am 


of-his  pictures.     ]>t  a-imn  do  all  ho  can  in  any  one    branch  of  study. 

/  ")          —®  -!          <r- 


he  must  either  exhnnst    liim^elf.  and-bave   n-doze   over   it,  or  vary  his 


INTERLINEAR     HEADING     EXERCISES.  39 


™.-- 

pursuits,  or  else  lie  idle.     Ail-uiir  real  labor  lies  in   a-nut-shell.     The 


mind  makes,  at  some  period  or  another,  one  Herculean  effort,  uud-lhe 


rest  are  mechanical.     We-b;<ve  to-climb-a  steep  and-narrovv  precipice  at 

•x    »•   "C    ..  «S*  ^    c    v      P 

e    ,     I....V-..,  -------     1    ......  .....,)       ,         c^  I          V^ 

first,  but  after-that,  the  way  is  broad  un.'1-easy,  where  we  drive  several 

'X       ^     x    >>_;    ,        <^     N      \M 

iiccomplisliments    abi-east.     Men   should-have   one    principal    pursiiit 

...A  ...  X    ^s  ___r/____        \        (^  ..!.. 

which-may    both    nprreealily    and-advantageously  be    diversified    with 

(v  <:  _  s>  x   .  -  _     er          x 

lighter  ones.  —  Hazlilt. 


APHORISMS. 
^    <   \  ...\...  LL.    --i 

Many  \vlio   appear    to-be   struggling   ngainut   adversity   are   happy  ; 


and-inoie,    although    possessed      of-great  wealth,  are    most-wretched. 

•    *=">        V          ^         I  >^       \"  <.      <-~°  •   f~  ' 

>—  N    -  Vx\J>  v-v^p  ;      I 

The  former   support   their   adverse    fortune  with    firmness,  the   latter 

rte.      v    )    K^x^-ix       CL,  .W) 

inconsiderately     abuse      tlnir     prosperity.  —  Tacitus.        Time     effaces 

V_S>  -cr-vO  /  s 

>  •        .....  „_    ,      i       \—^         s./     _______  v_>  x  —   CXN  > 

speculative  opinions,  hut  confirms-the  judgments  of  nature.  —  Cicero. 


STANDARD-PHONOGRAPHIC 
AND  OTHER  WORKS. 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM, 

AUTHOE  AND  PUBLISHER 

744  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 

PHONOGRAPHY  is  a  shorthand  system  of  writing  according  to  sound  or  pronun- 
ciation, rejecting  silent  letters  and  ambiguous  signs.  The  original  system  (Steno- 
graphic Sound-Hand,  183")  was  an  improvement  by  Isaac  Pitman,  of  England,  on 
the  system  of  Harding  (18-3, 1828),  which  was  an  improvement  on  the  system  of 
Samuel  Taylor  (1786). 

"  EDITIONS  "  OF  THE  OLD  PHONOGRAPHY.— The  Old  Phonography  was  va- 
riously modified.  The  different  modifications,  or  systems,  called  "  editions,"  were 
published— First  edition,  in  1837  ;  Second  edition,  Jan.,  1840  ;  Third  edition,  Dec., 
1840;  Fourth  edition,  1841  ;  Fifth  edit-on,  1812;  Sixth  edition,  1844  ;  Seventh 
edition,  1845;  Eighth  edition,  1847  ;  Ninth  edition,  1853.  This  last  and  best  edi- 
tion was  made  the  basis  of  Standard  Phonography.  See  ODDS  AND  ENDS  for  an  ac- 
count of  the  characteristics  of  these  "  editions." 


"  Standard  Phonography  is  now  acknowledged  by  the  most  accomplished  phonog- 
raphers  to  be  the  best  system  of  shorthand  writing  that  has  ever  been  offered  to  the 
world.  In  the  Adaptation  of  its  Characters  to  the  sounds  of  our  language,  in  its 
Legibility,  in  its  Powers  of  Contraction,  in  the  Rapidity  with  which  it  can  be  writ- 
ten, in  the  Logical  and  Convenient  A  rrangement  and  Presentation  of  its  Principles, 
and  in  its  Ease  of  Acquisition,  itim.ir.easurably  surpasses  every  other  system  of  short- 
hand.— PROF.  JOHX  B.  HOLMES,  A.  II.,  LL.  B. 

"  The  only  system  worth  the  attempt  to  learn."— CHAS.  A.  SUMMER,  the  leading 
reporter  of  San  Francisco. 

"  Standard  Phonography  Is  the  most  philosophical,  rapid,  and  beautiful  system 
of  shorthand  writing  ever  invented.  The  system  of  Phonography  as  now  used,  is 


the  result  of  the  labor  and  study  of  ANDREW  J.  GRAUASI,  by  whom  Pitman's  system  WM 
use  I  a*  a  basis,  while  he  has  made  very  inaoy  alterations,  aud  added  many  new 
features  [new  principles,  rules,  combination*,  devices,  contractions,  aud  word- 
signs],  making  it  at  once  the  most  unique  and  useful  system  of  writing  that  can  te 
imagined  "—Haver/till  Gazette. 

IMITATIONS.— See  comparisons  of  them  with  Standard  Phonography  In  ALL 
ABOUT  PHONOGRAPHY.  where  the  demonstration  is  complete  that  the 
imitations  require  about  one  tllird  more  labor  aui  space  than  Standard  Phonogra- 
phy; and  arc  inferior  in  every  other  respect.  See  VISITOR  Vol.  II.,  for  an  overwhelm- 
ing body  of  testimonials  from  the  best  reporters  of  the  country,  against  the  inferi- 
or imitations  and  in  favor  of  Standard  Phonography.  See  Chas.  A.  Sumner's  Lec- 
ture on  Shorthand  and  Reporting. 

THE  STANDARD-PHONOGRAPHIC   SERIES. 

"  *  more  complete  series  of  work*  on  any  subject  thau  Mr.  Graham's  Staridard- 
Pli'inographic  Series  lias  never  been  published.  These  Text-Books  are  the  only  ones 
that  are  perfect  in  themselves  ;  and,  ia  no  respect,  could  I  suggest  an  improve- 
ment in  the  manner  of  bringing  the  subject  before  even  the  dullest  student ;  and 
tin:  introduction  of  them  into  all  institutions  of  learning,  where  Phonography  is 
taught,  is  the  highest  compliment  that  can  l>e  paid  to  their  merit."— CHARLrs  FLOW- 
ERS, a  superior  reporter. 

The  Outline.— In  Miniature  Book-form,  bound  in  paper,  5  cents.  One  l>oz- 
fcu,  36  cents. 

The  Little  Teaciier.— Comprises:  1.  THE  OCTLINF.,  presenting  all  the 
chief  elements  of  Staudun  Phonography  in  eight  primer-size  pages  ;  2.  THE  LITTLE 
KKADINO  EXEUCISES — furnishing  in  10  little  pages  an  exercise  on  each  section  of  the 
Outline  3.  Miniature  edition  of  THE  CORRESPONDENT'S  LIST  of  Word-Signs,  Con- 
tractions, Phrase-Signs,  Prefixes,  a:;d  Affixes  of  the  Corresponding  Style.  JOuT  The 
I, ittle  Teacher  is  a  us*  fill  pocket  companion  for  students  of  the  Synopsisur  Hand- 
Book.  Price,  40  cunts 

Tlie  Synopsis. — New  and  Revised  edition. — Comprises  :  1.  The  Simopsis  (in  23 
duodecimo  pages)  of  all  of  the  Principle*  ut  the  Corresponding  (Style,  unmistakably 
repsented,-  with  uunnrnn*  engraved  illustrations.  2.  "The  Correspondent's  Li»t" 
— 12iuo  edition — comprising  an  alphabetical  list  of  Corresponding  Word-Signs, 
Contractions,  Phrase-Signs,  Prefixes,  and  Affixes.  3.  "  The  Reading  Exercises  " — 
in  which  there  is  an  extended  illustration  and  application  of  each  section  of  tbo 
text  ;  followed  by  several  pages  of  connected  reading  mutter,  with  an  inter- 
lined translation.  This  edition  is  well  adapted  to  the  use  of  either  Classes  or  Pri- 
vate Students.  J£g-  This  is  a  highly  useful  book  for  students  of  the  Hand- 
Back  ;  in  making  frequent  reviews  of  the  elements. — Price  50  cents. 

The  IIuild-Book.— Presents  every  principle  of  every  style  of  the  Art— com- 
mencing wiili  tne  analysis  of  words,  and  proceeding  to  the  most  rapid  Reporting 
Style— in  such  a  Form  and  Manner,  with  such  Fullness  of  Explanation  and  Com- 
pleteness of  Illustration,  and  with  such  other  features  as  to  fully  adapt  the  work  tj 
Ihe  use  of  Schools  and  to  Self-Instruction.  The  analysis  and  classification  of  the 
•>f  the  sounds  of  the  voice  (given  in  the  Appendix  to  Part  II.),  will  furnish  invalua- 
ble assistance  to  those  wishing  to  get  the  correct  pronunciation  of  any  foreign  lan- 
guage. 366  duodecimo  pages.  Prbe,  bovnd  iu  muslin,  with  embossed  side-title, 
$2.00;  post-paid  $2.10. 

"  FJLL.  CONCISE  and  PHILOSOPHICAL  in  its  development  of  the  theory  of  writing 
by  sound,  ADMIRABLE  in  its  arrangement,  and  REPLETE  with  IMPROVEMENTS  and  re- 


ill 

finenients  on  tho  Art  as  previously  defined,  it  affords  the  learner  a  safe  means  of 
obtaining  a  speed  in  reporting  at  Itast  one-fourth  greater  than  can  be  acquired  by  any 
oilier  iiietfiod.  "— Seas  1  ur/c  iitiatd. 

First  Reader. — New  and  Revised  Edition  :  Stereographed  in  the  Correspond- 
iug  style  ;  with  iuterpaged  Key  ;  with  Questions  ;  and  with  Notes.  $1.75;  post- 
paid, jjl.81.  Key  separate,  with  Questions  and  Notes  ;  50.;  postpaid,  54c. 

Second  Reader.  —New  and  Revis(--d  Edition  :  Stereogruphed  in  the  Reporting 
Style,  wuh  K-L-y  and  Notes.  To  be  studied  in  connection  with  the  Reporting 
Style  uuapter  ot'  the  Hand-Book.  $1.75  ;  postpaid,  jil.81. 

Standard-Phonographic  Dictionary.—"  The  last  great  crowning  •work 
of  tiie  Standard  Series,"  gives  the  pronunciation  and  the  best  outlines  (Corres- 
ponding, Advanced  Corresponding,  iiu.l  Reporting)  of  about  00,000  w  or  Is,  and  the 
lorms  for  about  GD.OUO  phrases.  Beyond  comparison  with  any  thort.iuud  dic- 
tionary or  vocabulary  ever  published.  Invaluable  to  writers  ol  c-uher  style 
Cloth,  «5  ;  genuine  morocco,  fc7  ;  (Octavo-form  from  the  same  plates,  with  wide 
margins),  Clot  Li,  $C  ;  leather,  S.b  ;  morocco,  4>K. 

The  Reporter's  List. — In  preparation — with  engraved  forms  aud  explana- 
tions— in  poyket-siza  pages.  It  will  combine,  in  one  list  all  the  Word-Siyus  aud 
Contractions  aud  Phrase-Signs  of  the  Corresponding-Style  aud  ReporLiug-Style 
Lists  of  the  Hand-Book,  with  some  additions  from  the  Dictionary,  arranged  in 
phonographic-alphabetic  order.  This  will  be  as  invaluable  Vade  Alecum  (  "  go 
with  me  "  )  to  all  phonographic  student*. 

Lady  of  tlie  Lake.— By  Sir  Walter  Scott.  With  Frontispiece.  Stereo- 
gr.iped  in  the  advanced  corresponding  style,  with  iuterpaged  key  ;  and  with 
Notes.  Total  number  of  pages,  328.  Price  »•  2  ;  postpaid,  $2.10.  Morocco,  J4  ; 
postpaid,  f4.10. 

PERIODICAL    VOLUMES  1 

Odds  and  Ends  (or  Phonographic  Intelligencer). — In  common  print. — Haa  a 
variety  of  matter  ol  interest  and  value  to  phonographers.  75  cents. 

PRICE-LIST    OF    BOOKS    AXD    ARTICLES     NOT    PREVIOUSLY 
MENTIONED. 

Pp«l. 

Brief  Longhand       -      -      -      - 60  a   " 

Dr.  Stone,  Sketch  of,  cloth 25      " 

"  "  paper        .-.-,---10" 

Envelopes:  per  package  of  25    --------10" 

Alphabet  (Phonographic) 

Glance  (at  Phonography) 

Lord's  Prayer  (reporting  style) 

Christian  Names 
Lessons  to  an  Ex-Pi tmanite,  cloth    -      -      -      -      -      -      -60" 

paper    -  25      " 

Note-Book  (Pencil) 05    08 


*>  The  ditto  mark  is  here  used  to  mean  "  the  same  as  at  the  left," 
\.  e. ,  that  no  charge  is  made  for  postage. 


iv 

PAPER,  per  Quire 

Good  Plain  Note  (Blue  LiiMi)        -      -      -      -      -  -1016 

Triple-Line  (Red  Lutes) .  -15     20 

I'er  pkg.  of  5  quires      -              -       -       -  -    00     85 

PerwMH 2.103.00 

(To  points  where  the  express  rale  is  not  over  $5  per  100  Us,  a  rtum  am  be 
sent  cheaper  by  express  than  by  mail.) 

Payne's  Business  Letter  Writer  >.....      ..gQn 

•'   ^         "  Educator— An  Encyclopedia  of  Business  Knowl- 
edge, including  Lessons  in  Typewriting.     600pp.     -      -  -2  00      " 

Pencils  (Graham's  Reporting)  per  doz    -      -      -  .       -  ~50      " 

per  half  gross      -       -       -       -2.7-3  2  95 
per  gross        -      -      .       .      -  5  00  5  35 

Pens  (Steel),  per  box  (12  doz)     -      ...  .  -1.50    '" 

"         "        one  doz.    --.-...  -      -    15       " 

"     (Gold)  with  "Ideal"  fountain-holder        -       -      -       -400      " 
"     "Ideal"  fountain-holder  alone    -----       -2.50       " 

Phonographic  Numerals       - 25       " 

PRACTICE-BOOKS  for  Phonographic  Students : 
UCS=U*Jvoc'ALiztD  CORRESPONDING  STYLE  '        ...      -1.251.30 
ICR=LNTEIJCOLUILN  KEPORTUCG  STYLE  -  -      -      -      -      -      -1.251.30 

Reporting  Cover      -----------     35     40 

SUJLXKR'S  Notes  of  Travel  in  Northern  Europe." 

385  pp.  ;  90  illustrations       ---....      -2.002.10 

SUM.\EE'S  "  Shorthand  and  Reporting  " — part  engraved       -     10      " 

STUDENT'S  JOURNAL  : 
Vol.  I.  (1872),  bound        -      -      -      -  -       -1. CO  1.68 

Vols.  II.  to  V.,  odd  numbers  only       ...       -  -    20      " 

Vols.  VI.  to  XIX.,      hound,  each        -      ....      -2.502.68 

Vols.  VI.,  VII.,  VIII.,  in  one  Vol.,  half  leather    -      -      -3.50  3.75 
Vols.  IX.,  X.,  XL,  in  one  Vol.,  half  leather  -      ...  3.50  3  75 
Vols.  XII.,  XIII.,  XIV.,  in  one  Vol.,  half  leather       -       -3.50  3  75 
Vols.  XV.,  XVI.,  XVII.,  in  one  Vol.,  half  leather     -      -3.50  3.75 
For  the  above  4  Vols.,  if  ordered  at  one  time        -      -      -     -  13  00 

Vol.  XX.    (18'Jl),  Subscription  3 1.00 


Interesting  miscellaneous  articles  engraved  in  the  advanced-cor- 
•esponding  style,  and  but  slightly  vocalized,  with  common-print  key 
n  adjoining  column. 

2  A  series  of  Business  Letters  engraved  in  the  reporting  style,  with 
common-print  key  in  the  adjoining  column.     Very  convenient  for  pri- 
vate study  and  practice.     Most  of  the  letters  were  received  from  sten- 
ographers to  whom  they  had  been  dictated,  and  are,  therefore,  es- 
pecially valuable  for  office-work  practice. 

3  Published  monthly,  16  pages  in  each  number,  8  of  them  in  Short- 
land.     An  invaluable  aid  to  students. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

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v/JCJKXA 

AT 
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T  IPT?  A  PV  


Z56    Graham- 
G76sy  The  synopsis 


256 

G76sy 

1891 


I 


